****Chapter 3 Review**** – Flashcards
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| What are the least electronegative elements? |
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| cesium and francium |
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| What is the second most electronegative element? |
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| oxygen |
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| What is the most electronegative element? |
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| fluorine |
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| Electronegativity generally does what as you move left to right across the period and does what as you move down a group? |
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| increases, decreases |
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| Who discovered hydrogen in 1766? |
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| Henry Cavendish |
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| What happened to the Hindenburg? |
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| exploded when the hydrogen in Hindenburg came in contact w oxygen |
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| The universe is made up of what percentage of hydrogen by mass? |
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| 90% |
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| Hydrogen has what three isotopes? |
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| protium (H-1); deuterium (H-2); tritium (H-3) |
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| What isotope that hydrogen is made of is radioactive? |
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| tritium |
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| What do the alkali metals in group 1A lose and take on what charge? |
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| valence electron, 1+ |
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| What two alkali metals are important in human bodies? |
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| sodium and potassium |
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| How many valence electrons does the alkaline earth metals in group 2A lose and take on what charge? |
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| lose two, 2+ |
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| What element is essential in bones and teeth? |
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| calcium |
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| What compound does calcium make up? |
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| calcium carbonate |
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| What makes water hard? |
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| calcium and magnesium ions |
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| What group is group 3A, what charge does it take? |
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| boron, 3+ |
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| Half of borax comes from where? |
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| California's Mojawe Desert |
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| What is the most abundant metal and third most abundant element in earth's crust? |
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| aluminum |
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| what is aluminum's ore? |
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| bauxite |
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| What is an element or inorganic compound found in nature as solid crystals? |
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| mineral |
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| What is a material from which mineral can be removed at a reasonable cost? |
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| ore |
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| What are forms of an element in the same physical state- solid, liquid, gas- that have different structures and properties? |
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| allotropes |
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| What are two examples of allotropes? |
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| very hard diamond and very soft graphite |
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| What is the most abundant element in earth's crust? |
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| oxygen |
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| What is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust? |
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| silicon |
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| What can be found in quartz, sand, and glas? |
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| silica (silicon dioxide) |
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| Most elements in the 5A group do what to three electrons and take on what charge? |
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| gain, 3- |
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| What percentage of the mixture we call air does nitrogen make up? |
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| 78% |
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| What are the elements in group 6A? |
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| oxygen |
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| What are two allotropes of oxygen (with formulas)? |
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| ozone, 0^3 oxygen gas, 0^2 |
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| What makes up 21% of the atmosphere? |
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| oxygen gas |
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| Who discovered oxygen gas? |
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| Joseph Priestly |
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| What are the elects in group 7A? |
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| halogens |
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| What is another term for halogens? |
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| salt formers |
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| What tends to form ions with 1- charge? |
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| halogens |
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| What are the elements in group 8A? |
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| noble gases |
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| What causes a magnetic field? |
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| electron |
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| What is the branch of applied science that studies and designs methods for extracting metals and their compounds from ones? |
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| metallurgy |
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| What are 7 physical properties? |
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| density, color, odor, taste, hardness, melting, and boiling points |
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| What are independent of the amount of substance present? |
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| intensive properties |
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| What is an example of an intensive property? |
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| denisty |
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| What are dependent upon the amount of substance present? |
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| extensive properties |
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| What is an example of an extensive property? |
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| mass (length, volume) |
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| What is the mineral pyrite? |
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| fool's gold |
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| What is the ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more substance? |
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| chemical property |
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| What has definite shape and volume? |
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| solids |
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| In solids, particles are _____ _______? |
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| tightly packed |
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| What is it called when particles are tightly packed and cannot be pressed into smaller volume? |
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| incompressible |
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| What state of matter has no definite shape but occupies definite volume and flows ? |
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| liquid |
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| Particles in liquid aren't held as _______ as those in solids and are able to move past each other. |
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| tightly |
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| Liquids are virtually ____________ and like solids, tend to _________ when heated. |
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| incompressible, expand |
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| What has no definite shape or volume and flows to conform to the shape of the container and fill the entire volume? |
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| gas |
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| Particles in gas are ___ __ _____ and so they are easily pressed together. |
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| very far apart |
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| What does easily pressed together mean? |
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| compressed |
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| These particles are in rapid, random motion and posses a great amount of ______. |
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| energy |
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| What is the state of matter that occurs in lightening bolts and around the sun and has great energy? |
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| plamsa |
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| What is the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature? |
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| vapor |
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| What is a common example of a vapor? |
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| steam |
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| What kind of changes are changes in phase or state such as boiling, freezing, condensing, vaporizing, and melting? |
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| physical |
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| What is it called when a substance combines with another or changes into another substance? |
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| chemical change |
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| What are 8 examples of a chemical change? |
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| explode, rust, oxidize, corrode, tarnish, ferment, burn, and rot |
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| What are 8 examples of a chemical change? |
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| explode, rust, oxidize, corrode, tarnish, ferment, burn, and rot |
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| List the ways that you can tell a chemical change (reaction) has occurred. |
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| Heat or light is given off, gas (bubbles)are formed, change in smell, formation of precipate |
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| List the ways that you can tell a chemical change (reaction) has occurred. |
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| Heat or light is given off, gas (bubbles)are formed, change in smell, formation of precipate |
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| What does precipitate mean? |
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| solid that forms from a solution |
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| What states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, but it may change forms? |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass |
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| What is the equation that symbolizes the law of conservation of mass? |
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| mass reactants= mass products |
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| Iron and oxygen combine to form iron oxide (rust). tell the product(s) and the reactant(s). |
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| Product-iron oxide (rust) Reactants- iron and oxygen |
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| Is color physical or chemical and is it extensive or intensive? |
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| physical, intensive |
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| What is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its individual chemical properties? |
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| mixture |
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| What has a constant composition throughout? |
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| homogeneous mixture |
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| What is another term for a homogeneous mixture? |
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| solution |
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| What is an example of a homogeneous mixture or solution? |
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| sugar water |
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| What doesn't look the same throughout and each substance remains distinct? |
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| heterogeneous mixtures |
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| What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture? |
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| tossed salad |
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| What is a homogeneous mixture of metal? |
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| alloy |
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| What is an example of an alloy? |
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| steel |
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| What is steel made of? |
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| a mixture of iron and carbon |
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| What is a mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)? |
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| air |
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| What is an example of a liquid-liquid mixture? |
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| vinegar contains acetic acid in water |
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| What technique would you use to separate solids from liquids? |
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| filtration |
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| How does filtration work? |
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| by pouring the liquid through a porous area and trapping the solid |
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| What is a technique that separates the components of a mixture on the basis of the tendency of each to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material? |
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| chromatography |
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| What is it called when a mixture is heated until the substance with the lowest boiling point boils to a vapor and can be condensed into a liquid and collected? |
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| distillation |
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| What does distillation separate? |
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| homogeneous |
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| What separation technique results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance? |
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| crystallization |
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| What is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical? |
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| element |
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| How many natural elements are there on Earth? |
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| 91 |
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| How many letters do the chemical symbols of elements consist of? |
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| one, two, or three |
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| How many letters represents an undecided name for elements? |
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| three |
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| What element makes up about 75% of the earth's crust? |
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| hydrogen |
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| What three elements make up about 90% of your body? |
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| carbon, hydrogen, and francium |
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| Who developed the first periodic table? |
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| Dmitri Mendeleev |
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| What year was the first periodic table developed? |
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| 1869 |
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| How was the first periodic table developed organized? |
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| by masses |
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| How is today's periodic table arranged? |
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| by atomic numbers |
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| What are the horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table where elements are not similar called? |
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| periods |
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| What are the vertical rows of elements called because the elements are similar? |
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| groups or families |
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| What is a pure substance consisting of two or more elements chemically combined? |
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| compound |
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| What is an example of a compound? |
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| water |
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| What tends to increase as you move down a group and do what as you move left to right across the periodic table? |
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| atomic radius, decrease |
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| What is an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge? |
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| ion |
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| What is an atom that gains electrons to take on what kind of charge? |
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| negative |
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| What charge does an atom that loses electrons take on? |
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| positive |
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| What is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom? |
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| ionization energy |
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| What value indicates an atom loses its outer electrons easily? |
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| a low ionization energy |
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| What value indicates the atom has a strong hold on its electrons? |
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| a high ionization energy |
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| First ionization energies usually do what as you move left to right across a period? |
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| increase |
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| What do first ionization energies usually do as you move down a group? |
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| decrease |
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| In what rule is it stated that atoms end to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons? |
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| octet rule |
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| The what of an element indicates the relative ability of its atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond? |
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| electronegativity |
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| What scientist developed this scale of 3.98 or less? |
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| Linus Pauling |
