question

the idea that matter consists of _____ goes back to ancient Greek philosophers known as "atomists" (400 BC)

answer

small, indestructible particles

question

_____ comes from the Greek word atomos meaning "indivisible"

answer

atom

question

in what year did Cavendish prove that water is not an element?

answer

1766

question

in what year did Lavoisier use chemical reactions performed in closed containers to develop the Law of Conservation of Mass

answer

1774

question

when did Proust do the experiments that lead to the Law of Definite Proportions?

answer

1798-1804

question

the combining mass ratio of the constituent elements is _____ for a given compound

answer

constant

question

when did Dalton propose the Law of Multiple Proportions?

answer

1808

question

if two elements can combine to form two different compounds, then the ratio between their combining mass ratios will consist of _____

answer

simple whole numbers

question

4 parts to Dalton's Atomic Theory

answer

1. all matter is composed of small, indestructible pieces called atoms
2. atoms of a given element have similar masses & proportions
3. atoms combine in simple, whole number ratios to make compounds
4. chemical reactions are a result of atom reshuffling

question

1897: JJ Thomson discovered the electron & measures its _____ ratio

answer

charge to mass (q/m)

question

Thomson proposes that atoms are made of electrons embedded in a sphere of _____ (a plum pudding)

answer

positive charge

question

Robert Millikan measures the _____ of an electron, establishing that it is a very small, discrete part of an atom

answer

charge

question

alpha particles

answer

particles with a positive charge

question

2 results of Ernest Rutherford's 1911 alpha particle experiments at a thin gold foil

answer

1. most alpha particles went through the gold foil
2. a very small fraction of them bounced back at the beam source

question

Rutherford's 4 conclusions from his alpha particle/gold foil experiments

answer

1. the atom has a small, dense, positively charged center called the nucleus
2. the nucleus makes up most of the mass of the atom
3. the electrons orbit the nucleus & are dispersed throughout the atomic volume
4. the atom is mostly empty space

question

the _____ is an electrically neutral particle that is slightly more massive than a proton

answer

neutron

question

isotopes

answer

atoms that have the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons

question

isotopes will have different ____

answer

mass numbers (A)

question

atomic mass

answer

a weighted average of the mass of atoms in an element

question

can calculate atomic mass with _____ & _____

answer

isotopic masses; fractional abundances

question

molecules are formed from 2 or more nonmetal atoms that are _____ together

answer

chemically bonded

question

molecular compounds contain molecules of 2 or more _____ atoms

answer

different nonmetal

question

ion

answer

an atom or group of atoms that carry a net charge

question

2 types of ions

answer

cations (positive charge) & anions (negative)

question

3 naming rules for monatomic cations

answer

1. tend to be metals
2. usually given name of element
3. followed by a Roman numeral in ( ) if more than one cation is possible for element

question

the number of _____ in a given sample can be counted using the mole

answer

representative units

question

1 mole (mol) of any item contains _____ of the item

answer

Avogadro's number (NA)

question

many chemical reactions in general chemistry are carried out in _____ solution

answer

aqueous

question

pure water can _____ if certain substances are dissolved in it

answer

conduct electricity

question

substances that dissolve in water to make solutions that conduct electricity

answer

electrolytes

question

_____ completely dissociate into ions when dissolved in water

answer

strong electrolytes

question

_____ partially dissolve

answer

weak electrolytes

question

_____ dissolve in water to give a solution that does not conduct electricity

answer

nonelectrolytes

question

redox reactions involve the _____ of electrons

answer

transfer

question

oxidation

answer

loss of electrons (charge increases)

question

reduction

answer

gain of electrons (charge decreases)

question

_____ contains an element which is reduced, which results in the oxidation of an element in another species

answer

oxidizing agent

question

5 rules of oxidation numbers

answer

1. atoms in free elements have an oxidation number of zero
2. monatomic ions have an oxidation number equal to their charge
3. hydrogen atoms have an oxidation number of +1 in most compounds, except in metal hydrides, where it is -1
4. oxygen atoms have an oxidation # of -2 in most compounds except in peroxides where it is -1 & when combined with fluorine
5. fluorine atoms have an oxidation # of -1 in all compounds

question

acids are proton (H+) _____

answer

donors

question

bases are proton _____

answer

acceptors

question

all acid base reactions are _____ reactions

answer

proton transfer

question

Bronstead-Lowry theory helps explain how some weak bases produce _____ in aqueous solution

answer

OH-

question

when a strong acid is added to a strong base the products are an ionic compound & water; classification?

answer

AAB

question

when a _____ is added to a strong base the products are an ionic compound and water; BLAB

answer

weak acid

question

when a _____ is added to ammonia (NH3) the product is an ammonium (NH4+) salt; BLAB

answer

strong or weak acid

question

reactions between _____ salts & acids may result in gaseous products

answer

weakly basic

question

reactions between sulfides & acids result in the _____ formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas

answer

direct

question

bicarbonate

answer

HCO3-

question

carbonates & bicarbonates react with acids to form _____ as a product

answer

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

question

_____ is unstable aqueous solution & decomposes to form carbon dioxide (CO2) & water

answer

H2CO3

question

bisulfite

answer

HSO3-

question

sulfites & bisulfites react with acids to form _____ as a product

answer

sulfurous acid (H2SO3)

question

_____ is unstable in aqueous solution & decomposes to form sulfur dioxide (SO2)& water

answer

H2SO3

question

reactants: acid & sulfide
intermediate product: ?
gas evolved: H2S

answer

none

question

reactants: acid & carbonate/bicarbonate
intermediate product: ?
gas evolved: CO2

answer

H2CO3

question

reactants: acid & sulfite/bisulfite
intermediate product: ?
gas evolved: SO2

answer

H2SO3

question

the most specific classification for acid-base reactions that result in gas evolution

answer

BLAB

question

pure metals can displace _____ from water or acids & _____ from aqueous solutions containing metal ions

answer

hydrogen gas (H2); metals

question

_____ "active" metals will displace less "active" metals

answer

more

question

combustion reactions

answer

a redox reaction between any substance & oxygen

question

oxygen undergoes _____ in combustion reactions

answer

reduction

question

the combustion of organic compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen will always yield _____ & _____

answer

CO2 & H2O

question

chemical reactions are a result of the _____ of atoms

answer

"re-shuffling"

question

combination reaction

answer

A + B --> AB

question

decomposition reaction

answer

AB --> A + B

question

single displacement reaction

answer

A + BC --> AC + B

question

double displacement reaction

answer

AB + CD --> AD + BC

question

2 solubility rules

answer

soluble:
1. group 1A ions & NH4+
2. NO3- & C2H3O2-

question

acid-base reactions involve changes in how electrons are _____ between atoms

answer

shared

question

redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions involve the _____ of electrons between two atoms

answer

transfer

question

molecular equation

answer

gives complete, neutral chemical formulas for each reactant & product but does not show how they exist in solution

question

complete ionic equation

answer

shows how each reactant & product exists in solution

question

all _____ are separated into ions

answer

strong electrolytes

question

3 species not separated into ions

answer

1. solids, liquids, & gases
2. weak electrolytes
3. non-electrolytes

question

net ionic equation

answer

shows the species that change during a chemical reaction

question

spectator ions

answer

species that do not change during the course of a chemical reaction

question

a precipitation reaction is the reaction between two solutions containing strong electrolytes to form a _____ product

answer

solid

question

Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory

answer

acids are compounds that produce H+ ions when dissolved in water; H+ combines with water to form H3O+ ions in aqueous solution; bases are compounds that products OH- ions when dissolved in water

question

6 strong acids

answer

1. HCl
2. HBr
3. HI
4. HNO3
5. HClO4
6. H2SO4

question

6 strong bases (soluble metal hydroxides)

answer

1. LiOH
2. NaOH
3. KOH
4. Ca(OH)2
5. Sr(OH)2
6. Ba(OH)2

question

Arrhenius Acid Base "Neutralization" Reactions

answer

when acids & bases are combined, they form an ionic compound & water; an ionic compound formed from an acid-base neutralization reaction is called a salt

question

all strong acid-base neutralizations have the same _____

answer

net ionic equation

question

electrolytes are compounds that produce _____ when dissolved in water

answer

ions

question

ammonium

answer

NH4+

question

acetate

answer

C2H2O2- (CH3COO-)

question

hydroxide

answer

OH-

question

nitrate

answer

NO3-

question

carbonate

answer

CO3 2-

question

sulfate

answer

SO4 2-

question

phosphate

answer

PO4 3-

question

ionic compounds are composed of cations & anions that are held together by _____

answer

electrostatic forces

question

nonmetals tend to form monatomic _____

answer

anions

question

monatomic anions are given a name that combines the beginning of the element name & the suffix _____

answer

"-ide"

question

binary molecular compounds

answer

no metals! usually 2 nonmetals

question

3 rules for naming binary molecular compounds

answer

1. each element receives a prefix which denotes how many times it appears in the chemical formula of the compound
2. if the first element appears once the prefix is not needed
3. the second element's ending is replaced with "-ide"

question

binary acids

answer

contain hydrogen & one other nonmetal

question

3. rules for naming binary acids

answer

1. the prefix "hydro-" is given
2. the ending for the non-hydrogen element is replaced with "-ic"
3. the word "acid" is then appended to the name

question

oxoacids contain hydrogen, _____, & at least one other element

answer

oxygen

question

4 rules for naming oxoacids

answer

1. no prefixes are used for oxoacid naming
2. if the name of the polyatomic ion in the acid's chemical formula ends in "-ate", it is replaced with "-ic"
3. if the name of the polyatomic ion in the acid's chemical formula ends in "it", it is replaced with "-ous"
4. the word acid is still appended to the name

question

molecular & formula mass

answer

the sum of the atomic masses for all atoms in a molecule of formula unit

question

atoms, molecules, & formula units are extremely _____

answer

small

question

_____ can be used to convert between grams & moles of a sample

answer

molar mass

question

_____ can be used to convert between moles & number of particles in a sample

answer

Avogadro's number

question

solute

answer

the substance that is being dissolved

question

solvent

answer

the substance that does the dissolving

question

molarity

answer

moles of substance/liters of solution

question

to dilute a solution means to decrease its concentration by adding more _____

answer

solvent

question

mass %

answer

mass in compound/mass of compound

question

the percent composition of organic compounds can be determined using _____

answer

combustion

question

n

answer

molecular mass/empirical formula mass

question

stoichiometry

answer

the study of the relationships among the quantities of reactants & products involved in chemical reactions

question

limiting reactant

answer

the reactant that is completely used up when carrying out the reaction

question

% yield

answer

actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%

question

the theoretical yield is the amount of product that can be formed from the _____

answer

limiting reactant

question

quantitative analysis

answer

determining the amount of a species present in a material

question

gravimetric analysis

answer

converting the analyzed species into something that can be isolated & weighed

question

volumetric analysis (titration)

answer

titrations are used to determine the amount of a substance (analyte) in a solution by completely reacting it with another substance (titrant) that has a known concentration

question

the endpoint

answer

a point slightly after the equivalence point indicated by indicators

question

chemistry

answer

relating the structure of materials to their properties & interactions

question

matter

answer

anything that takes up space & has mass

question

the mass of a substance

answer

the amount of matter it has

question

Law of Conservation of Mass

answer

the total mass in a system remains constant during a physical or chemical change

question

3 main states of matter

answer

1. solids (rigid, incompressible, & have a fixed volume/shape)
2. liquids (fluid, incompressible, & have a fixed volume but indefinite shape)
3. gases (fluid, compressible, & have neither a fixed volume nor shape)

question

physical change

answer

a change in the form of a substance

question

chemical changes

answer

changing one type of matter into a new type of matter

question

pure substances

answer

cannot be broken down using a physical process

question

elements

answer

cannot be broken down using chemical processes

question

compounds

answer

two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions

question

mixtures

answer

combinations of two or more substances in varying proportions that can be separated using physical changes

question

heterogeneous mixtures

answer

do not have a uniform composition throughout

question

homogeneous mixture

answer

solutions have a uniform composition throughout

question

kilo (k)

answer

1,000

question

centi (c)

answer

0.01

question

milli (m)

answer

0.001

question

nano (n)

answer

0.000000001

question

temperature measures the _____ of a substance

answer

thermal energy ("hotness")

question

English temperature unit, freezing temp, body temp, & boiling temp

answer

Fahrenheit; 32; 98.6; 212

question

metric temperature unit, freezing temp, body temp, & boiling temp

answer

Celsius; 0; 37; 100

question

SI temperature unit, freezing temp, body temp, & boiling temp

answer

kelvin; 273; 310; 373

question

Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion

answer

Tc = 5/9 (Tf-32)

question

Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion

answer

Tf = (9/5 x Tc) + 32

question

Celsius to kelvin conversions

answer

Tk = Tc + 273

question

the _____ of a measurement is reflected by the number of significant figures it has

answer

precision

question

density

answer

the ratio between the mass (m) & volume (v) of a substance; mass/volume

Chapters 1-4 Answers – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards