CHEM 281 – Chemistry – Flashcards

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question

Lipoproteins and their functions: Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL

answer

·   Chylomicrons- dietary triclycerols

·   VlDL- endogenous triglycerol, cholesterol ester cholesteroyl

·   LDL-delivers  cholesterol -->  extra hepatic tissues (bad cholesterol)

- Build cell membrane

·   HDL- carry cholesterol release from tissues -->  back to liver (good cholesterol cholesterol scavenger).

·   Chylomicrons

-   Deliever:

-  Exogenous fatty acids to muscle and adipose tissue

-  Dietary cholesterol to liver

-Other lipoprotein complexes: transport endogenous lipids in blood stream

-   VLDL     -->     IPL --> LDL (cholesterol Rich)

LDL -->  delivers cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues (“bad cholesterol”)

1.      Build cell membrane

2.      Synthesize steroid hormones

·         HDL- carry the cholesterol released form tissues back to the live (“good cholesterol”) (cholesterol scavenger)

 

 

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What are “good cholesterol” and “bad cholesterol” and why?

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-   Good Cholesterol -->  carry cholesterol from tissues (HDL)

- Bad Cholesterol --> LDL -->    delivers cholesterola build cell membrane

 

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Energy density

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- Lipids are fuel with the highest energy density

how much energy→ lipids are the most energy dense

 

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Definitions: Thermogenesis

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·    Thermogenesis the process of heat production in organisms. It occurs mostly in warm blooded animals, but a few species of thermogenic plants exist.

·    In the brown fat tissue is through oxidation-phosphorylation uncoupling mechanism

 

 

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Oxidation of Fatty acids: Where? Which two phases? Carnitine cycle

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  Where --> mitochondria

  Two Phases

-Activation

-  transportation

Carnitine cycle-- can move across membrane of mitochondria--  transport--need Acetly before two things occur

 

 

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Four reactions of oxidation: dehydrogenation (FAD), hydration, dehydrogenation

(NAD+) and thiolytic cleavage

 

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  Dehydtogenation- remove hydrogen and make FADH2

  Hydration –add water

  Deydrogenation- make NADH

 Thioysis- make 5 ATP every cycle

 

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how to calculate the ATP production of fatty acids.
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LOOK AT TABLE
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Biosynthesis of fatty acids: Where, How and Coenzymes involved.

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Where : in cytosol

How-

        Coenzyme- NADPH


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The enzyme complex of fatty acid biosynthesis

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→fatty acyl synthase
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Similarities and differences between the oxidation and fatty acid synthesis

(Locations, co-enzymes, enzyme complexes involved, fatty acyl carriers, reaction

directions, starting materials)

 

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LOOK AT TABLE
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Which enzyme in the oxidation is associated with complex II of electron transport chain?


 

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Acyl-CoA
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Basic composition of fatty acid synthase.

 

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    Acetyl-CoA needs bind to start fatty acid synthase

    What enzymes make up fatty acid synthase

 

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Biosynthesis of cholesterol: where, basic building material, three stages of synthesis (names)

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   Where --> cytosol

  Building-acetyle-coA (2 carbon)

 

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Ketogenesis: location, function, ketone bodies, under what conditions

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·Ketogenesisà the synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA

Location: mitochondria of liver cells

Function: providing nutrition to brain when you don't have glucose

Ketone bodies--> 

8mM--> normal

20 mM--> toxic

Names- acetone, acetactate, B-hydroxybutrate

 

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The key control enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

 

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Building Block: Acetyl-CoA

 

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The key control enzyme in Ketogenesis.

 

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   HMG-CoA

 

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What is a “Nitrogen Pool”

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1.   Nitrogen pool -->

the sum total nitrogen compunds in the body, nonprotein anabolic produces

 

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a-ketoglutarate – Glutamate” system

 

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Transferring Nitrogen
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Glucose-Alanine Cycle and Glutamate-Glutamine system

 

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   Two pathways to transport ammonia to the liver for urea synthesis

→Glucose→pytuvate→Alanine→pyruvate→Release NH2

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Essential and nonessential amino acids

 

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   Essential-must be provided by diet (end in-ine)

Nonessential-can be made by the body

 

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Four common metabolic intermediates that link protein catabolism to carbohydrate

 

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Pyruvate

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Oxaloacetate

  B-phosphglcerate

 

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Essential and nonessential amino acids

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   Essential-must be probided by diet (end in-ine)

Nonessential-can be made by the body

 

 

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Four common metabolic intermediates that link protein catabolism to carbohydrate

 

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Pyruvate

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Oxaliacetate

B-phosphglcerate

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Urea cycle
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Excretion of excess nitrogen in liver from metabolic break down of amino acid

 

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The transportation of ammonia to urea cycle

 

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Glutamate – Glutamine System

                   Glucose – Alanine Cycle

 

 

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All major intermediates in urea cycle

 

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         Citrulline

        Arginosuccinate Acid

         Argenine

Orinthinthe

 

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The final products of protein catabolism

 

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Water,  Co2, ATP, Urea, Ammonia
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Glucogenic and Ketogenic amino acids
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Plasma→ water, proteins, elctrocytes:Na, K, Cl

    Serum--> A component of blood which is collected after coagulation

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Transamination and oxidative damination

 

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Transamintion-> important step in synthesis of non-essential amino acid

--reaction between an appha-keto acid

           -- Oxidate deamination--> generates            oxoacidsin liver

                      ---Glutamate undergoes rapid                                    oxidative deammation in Urea Cycle.                        -->prodces hydrogen peroxide and                            Ammonia

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Balance between the two ammonia/ amino supplies 1
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Urea cycle recres ammonia and the amino group from 2 different sources. In order for the Urea Cycle to take place they be balanced
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1. Plasma & serum
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Plasma→ water, proteins, elctrocytes:Na, K, Cl

    Serum→ non protein portion →everything but protein

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2.            Circulations: pulmonary, systemic and lymphatic circulations 

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Pulmonary-Lungs

-RV →Lungs→ LV

-Accept O2 and Release CO2

Systemic circulation

-LV→tissues→RV

-Deliver O2 to tissues and pick up CO2 from tissues

Lymphatic Circulation

-Lymphatic, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes

-Lipid abosorption and distribution

-immunolgical function

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