Chemistry Exam I – Flashcards
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| Criteria Air Pollutants |
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| - carbon monoxide - nitrogen dioxide - ozone - sulfur dioxide - particulate matter - lead |
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| Whats in an inhaled breath? |
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| - 78% nitrogen - 21% oxygen - .9% argon - .04% carbon dioxide - 0% water |
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| Whats in an exhaled breath? |
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| - 75% nitrogen - 16% oxygen - .9 % argon - 4% carbon dioxide - 4% water |
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| conversion of % to ppm |
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| move four decimal places |
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| Carbon monoxide as an air pollutant |
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| the "silent killer", an odorless gas, byproduct of incomplete combustion |
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| Ozone as a air pollutant |
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| special form of oxygen that has a sharp odor that comes from motors, transformers, and welding torches |
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| Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides as a air pollutant |
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| respiratory irritans that contribute to acid rain, unpleasent odor |
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| Air Quality Index (AQI) |
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| 0-50 Good Green 51-100 Moderate Yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for Sens. Orange 151-200 Unhealthy Red 201-300 Very Unhealthy Purple 301-500 Hazardous Maroon |
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| toxicity |
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| intrinsic health hazard of a substance |
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| Exposure |
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| amount of substance encountered |
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| Risk Assessment |
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| evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an occurence |
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| How can you decide is something is at risk? |
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| Exposure, effect, alternatives, knowledge of consequence, occupational encountered, image of hazard, severity of consequence, controllable |
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| Trosophere |
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| 0 - 6.2 miles 0 - 10 km |
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| Stratosphere |
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| 9.3 - 31 miles 15-50 km contains the ozone layer |
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| Mesosphere |
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| 31 -... miles 50 -...km |
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| Element |
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| substances that cannot be broken down into simpler ones by any chemical means |
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| compund |
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| fixed composistion, but capable of being broken down into elements |
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| mixture |
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| variable composistion of elements, compounds, or both |
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| Parts of a Periodic Table Group, Period, Non-Metal, Metal |
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| Group - column Period - row metal - left non-metal - right |
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| Parts of a Periodic Table Group, Period, Non-Metal, Metal |
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| Group - column Period - row metal - left non-metal - right |
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| Atom |
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| smallest unit that can exist |
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| molecule |
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| a combination of a fixed number of atoms held together in a spatial arrangement |
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| chemical formula |
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| represents the type and number of each element present |
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| Combustion Reaction |
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| the rapid combination of oxygen with electricity Ex. Coal + Oxygen = source of electricity |
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| Complete Combustion |
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| produces both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide |
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| Law of Conservation |
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| in a chemical reaciton, matter and mass are conservced |
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| An increase in altitude means a....in pressure |
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| a drop in pressure |
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| naming metals-nonmetals |
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| first element then second element with ide ending |
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| naming non metals and non metals |
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| name 1st element with prefix and second element with prefix and ide endings |
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| Prefixes |
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| 1-mono 2-di bi 3-tri 4-tetra 5-penta 6-hexa 7-hepta 8-octa 9-nona 10-deca |
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| hydrocarbon |
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| compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon |
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| catalyst |
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| chemical substance that participates in and speeds up a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change |
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| catalytic converter |
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| used to catalyze the conversion of CO to CO 2 |
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| VOC |
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| vapors of incompletely burned gasoline molecules or fragments of these molecues |
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| alternatives to gasoline combustion engines |
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| electric cars, fuel cells, hybrids |
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| Green Chemistry |
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| designing chemical products and process that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances |
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| ozone |
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| lightning or electric spark exposed to oxygen O3 energy + 3O.2 -> 2O.3 |
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| how is ozone a secondary pollutant |
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| near the surface of the earth ozone forms smug and other pollutants |
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| indoor air pollutants |
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| candles, cleaners, fireplaces, smoke, hairspray, cooking |
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| ratio of atoms and molecules |
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| 1 x 10^6 |
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| Good uses of ozone |
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| water purification, bleaching, air deodorant |
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| allotrope |
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| two or more forms of the same element that have different molecular or crystal structure Ex. O.3 O.2 diamond, graphite |
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| proton |
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| positive charged particles found in the nucleus |
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| neutron |
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| neutral particles found in nucleus that just add mass |
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| electron |
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| negative charge, circulating nucleus |
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| Between proton, neutron, and electron, which is the smallest? |
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| electron |
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| atomic number |
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| the number of protons for an element |
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| elementary periodicity |
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| - elements arranged in order of increasing atomic # - arranged so those with similar physical and chemical properties fall in the same column |
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| Valence Electrons How can you tell how many valence electrons and atoms has from the periodic table? |
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| # of outer electrons group number (1A,2A) tells u |
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| mass number |
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| sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom (the number under atomic symbol) |
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| isotope |
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| two or more forms of the same element whose atoms differ in number of neutrons (hence in mass) |
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| find protons, neutrons, and electrons of a neutral atom |
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| top number = protons = electrons mass number = sum of protons and neutrons |
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| covalent bond |
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| shared electron |
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| Lewis Structure |
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| a representation showing outer electrons using a dot structure |
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| octet rulet |
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| the fact that electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom shares in eight electons |
