Flashcards About Test on Chemistry Final
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Which of the statements about the behavior of the element carbon in organic molecules is *incorrect*? A. Carbon always forms four bonds. B. When carbon forms four single bonds, the bond angles are 90°. C. In addition to other carbon atoms, carbon is likely to form bonds with hydrogen, nitrogen, or oxygen.
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B. When carbon forms four single bonds, the bond angles are 90°.
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Which of the following statements is correct? Functional groups are A. The parts of molecules that are used to differentiate classifications of organic molecules. B. To organic chemistry what polyatomic ions are to inorganic chemistry. C. Have a specific structure and chemical behavior. D. There is more than one correct answer. E. None are correct.
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D. There is more than one correct answer.
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The functional group illustrated by R-O-R' is an A. Alkyl B. Ester C. Alcohol D. Ether E. Aldehyde
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D. Ether
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All of the families below include functional groups which contain oxygen except A. Aldehydes B. Carboxylic Acids C. Alkyl Halides D. Esters E. Ketones
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C. alkyl halides
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In straight-chain alkanes, the carbon atoms on each end of the molecule always form bonds with _______ atoms of hydrogen; the carbons within the molecule always form bonds with _______ hydrogen atoms.
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3;2
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Which family of organic compounds does not contain any multiple bonds? A. Aldehydes B. Alkenes C. Alkynes D. Ketones E. Alkyl Halides
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E. Alkyl Halides
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Which of the following is an isomer of the molecule shown? CH?CH(CH?)CH?CH? A. Ch?CH?CH? B. CH?CH?CH?CH?CH? C. CH?CH(CH?)CH?CH? D. CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?
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B. CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?
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A carbon atom bonded to another carbon atom and 3 hydrogen atoms is a ________ carbon atom.
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Primary
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? (CH?)?-C-CH?-CH?-CH?
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2,2-dimethylpentane
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown?CH?CH(CH?CH?)CH(CH?)CH?CH(CH?)CH?
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2,4,5-trimethylheptane
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? CH?(CH?)?CH(CHCH?CH?)CH?(CH?)?CH?
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4-isopropyldecane
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In the molecule 3,3-dimethylhexane, the carbon number two is a ________ carbon atom.
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Secondary
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Which of the following properties is *not* characteristic of alkanes?
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...
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When hydrocarbons undergo *complete* combustion, the product(s) is(are)
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CO? and H?O
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Monochlorination of pentane, C?H??, leads to formation of how many different products?
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3
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How many hydrogens are present in a molecule composed of a six membered ring of carbon atoms and no double or triple bonds?
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12
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Ethylene and acetylene are the common names for the molecules _______ and ________, respectively.
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C?H? and C?H?
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How many hydrogen atoms are contained in a molecule of 1,4-hexadiene?
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10
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What is the IUPAC name of the molecule shown? CH?=CHCH?CH?CH(CH?CH?)CH?
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5-methyl-1-heptene
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What is the IUPAC name of the molecule shown? CH?CH?CH?C(CH?)=C(CH?)CH?
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2,3-dimethyl-2-hexene
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What is the IUPAC name of the molecule shown? CH?=CH-CH=CH?
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1,3-butadiene
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Which molecule represents 4-ethyl-2-hexyne?
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CH?CH?CH(CH?CH?)C[triple]CCH?
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Cis-trans isomerism occurs when
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The carbons in an alkene double bond each have two different substituent groups.
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The name of the molecule shown is CH?CH?CH=CH(CH?CH?)
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cic-3-hexene
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Which of the following alkenes can exhibit cis-trans isomerism?
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...
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Alkanes and alkenes are similar in all of the following properties *except* A. Reactivity B. Solubility in non-polar solvents. C. Insolubility in water. D. Lack of toxicity E. Flammability
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A. Reactivity
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The term used to describe the geometry of a carbon atom involved in a double bond is
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Trigonal Planar
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A substitution reaction can best be described as a reaction in which
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Two reactants exchange atoms to give two new products.
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When 2-butene reacts completely with 1 mol of bromine, the product is
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2-bromobutane
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According to Markovnikov's rule, when HCl reacts with the molecule shown, which product will result? (Note - the 2 CH? groups on the left are kept together here and in the answer to be consistent) (CH?)?C=CHCH? + HCl ? ?
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(CH?)?CClCH?CH?
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The monomer unit used to produce polypropylene is CH?CH(CH?)CH?CH(CH?)
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CH?=CHCH?
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The simplest aromatic alcohol, recognized by its strong medicinal odor and used as a disinfectant is
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Phenol
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The molecule with 3 carbon atoms with an -OH group on each, and used as a moisturizer is
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Glycerol
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Which property of thiols makes them useful as additives to natural gas?
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Odor
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The IUPAC name of the alcohol shown is CH?CH(CH?)CH(CH?)CH?CH?OH
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3,4-dimethyl-1-pentanol
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? (CH?CH?)CHCH?CH?CH?C(OH)(CH?)CH?CH?
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3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? HOCH?CH?CH(OH)CH?OH
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1,2,4-butanetriol
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Compounds of the type R3C-OH are referred to as _______ alcohols.
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Tertiary
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Which compound is a tertiary alcohol? A. 2-methyl-1-hexanol B. 1-propanol C. 2-methyl-2-hexanol D. 3-methyl-2-hexanol E. 3-hexanol
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C. 2-methyl-2-hexanol
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The molecule shown is a ________ alcohol because ________. CH?CH?CH(OH)CH?CH?
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Secondary; the carbon bonded to the -OH group is bonded to two other carbons
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How many isomeric alcohols exist with the formula C?H??O?
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4
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All of the following properties of alcohols are affected by hydrogen bonding except A. Boiling point B. Miscibility with water C. Ability to dissolve polar substances D. Molecular weight E. None of the above
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D. Molecular weight
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Which compound is the most soluble in water? A. CH?CH?CH?-O-CH?CH?CH? B. CH?CH?CH?OH C. CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH? D. CH?CH?CH?CH?OH E. CH?(OH)CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?OH
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B. CH?CH?CH?OH
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Which compound has the lowest boiling point? A. CH?CH?CH?CH?OH B. CH?CH?CH?CH? C. CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?OH D. CH?CH?CH?OH E. CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?
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...
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? CH?CH?CH?-O-CH?
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methylpropyl ether
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What is the IUPAC name for the compound shown? CH?C(CH?)(Cl)CH(Br)CH?
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...
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? CH?CH?CH?CH2OCH?CH?CH?CH?
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dibutyl ether
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? [pentagon]-SH
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Cyclopentanethiol
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When the nitrogen atom in an organic compound has four covalent bonds, it is called a(n)
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Quaternary Ammonium ion
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Which compound is a primary amine? A. Isopropylamine B. Trimethylamine C. Diethylamine D. N-ethyl-N-methylpropylamine E. N,N-dimethylethylamine
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A. Isopropylamine
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The boiling point of ethyl amine is higher than that of propane but lower than that of 1-propanol. This means that
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Hydrogen bonds between two amino groups are weaker than those between two alcohol groups
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If methyl amine reacts with hydrochloric acid, the major product will be
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Methylammonium chloride
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The reaction of pyridinium ion (pyridine: C?H?N) with water is best represented as
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C?H?NH? + H?O ? C?H?N + H?O?
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All of the following are nitrogen-containing compounds found in living organisms except A. Nucleotides B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Neurotransmitters E. Alkaloids
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B. Carbohydrates
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An amine that is insoluble in water can be made to dissolve by adding it to an aqueous solution of
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HCl
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What is the correct name of the compound shown? (hint: name as an aniline derivative using naming that is special to benzene-based compounds or numbers) [benzene ring]-NH? (1 position) -CH? (2 position)
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ortho-methylaniline
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Which compound is a secondary amine? A. N-ethyl-N-methylpropylamine B. Isopropylamine C. N,N-dimethylethylamine D. Trimethylamine E. Ethylmethylamine
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E. Ethylmethylamine
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? CH?CH?-NH-CH?
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N-methylethylamine
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All of the following are properties of amines *except* A. Those that can form hydrogen bonds have higher boiling points than expected for their molecular weight B. They frequently have offensive odors. C. They act as bases in many reactions D. Those with low molecular weights are soluble in water E. They react with acids to form amides
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E. They react with acids to form amides
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Which class of amines can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds?
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1° and 2°
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When an amine behaves as a base it ________ a hydrogen ion to form a(n) ________ ion.
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Gains; Ammonium
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What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? CH?CH?CH?N(CH?)CH?
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N,N-dimethylpropylamine
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The following amine is a _______ amine. CH?NHCH?
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Secondary
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The carbonyl group is
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A functional group in which carbon and oxygen are joined by a double bond.
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Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group?
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Amine
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All of the statements concerning the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones are true except A. A condensed form of the carbonyl group can be written as -CHO B. The carbonyl group is planar C. The bond is polar, with a slight positive charge on the carbon atom D. The bond is polar, with a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom E. Because the bond is polar, carbonyl groups readily form hydrogen bonds with each other
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E. Because the bond is polar, carbonyl groups readily form hydrogen bonds with each other
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Which of the following names does not fit a real compound? A. 3-octanone B. 2-butanone C. 2-methyl-3pentanone D. 3-methyl-1-pentanone E. All are correct
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D. 3-methyl-1-pentanone
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Which of the following names does not fit a real compound? A. 3-methyl-2-pentanal B. 4-methylpentanal C. 3-ethylpentanal D. Ethanal E. All are correct
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A. 3-methyl-2-pentanal
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Which compound would have the highest boiling point? A. CH?CH?OH B. CH?CH?CHO C. CH?CH?CH?OH D. CH?(C=O)CH? E. CH?CHO
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C. CHCHCHOH
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Tollens' reagent is used to
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Distinguish aldehydes from ketones
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Oxidation of an aldehyde produces a
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Carboxylic acid
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Which compound will give a positive Tollens' test? A. 2-methyl-3-pentanone B. Pentanal C. Pentane D. Pentanoic acid E. 2-pentanone
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B. Pentanal
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What is the product of oxidation of 2-butanone?
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No reaction
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What is the product of the reduction of 3-methyl-2-pentanone?
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3-methyl-2-pentanol
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What is the correct IUPAC name for the molecule shown? CH?CH?C(=O)CH?CH?CH?
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3-hexanone
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The correct IUPAC name (pay attention to parenthesis!) for CH?-(CH?)?-CH(CH?)-CHO is
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2-methylnonanal
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The correct IUPAC name for CH?-CH?-C(CH?CH?)?-(C=O)-CH? is
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3,3-diethyl-2-pentanone
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Give the IUPAC name of the *product* when the compound below is only gently/mildly oxidized CH?CH(Cl)CH?OH
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2-chloropropanal
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To what class of compounds does glucose belong?
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Cyclic hemiacetal
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Which pair of compounds could react to form a hemiacetal? A. CH?CH?CHO and CH?COOH B. CH?(C=O)CH? and CH?COOH C. CH?(C=O)CH? and CH?CH?CHO D. CH?COOH and CH?CH?OH E. CH?CH?CHO and CH?CH?OH
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E. CH?CH?CHO and CH?CH?OH
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Acetal formation can be described as
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An addition and then a substitution reaction
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The reverse reaction of acetal formation is
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Hydrolysis
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Which of the following bonds is not present in a carboxylic acid functional group? A. C=C B. C=O C. C-O D. O-H E. none of these above
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A. C=C
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Which compound is a carboxylic acid? A. (CH?)?O B. (CH?)?COO-CH? C. CH?COO-K? D. (CH?CO)?O E. CH?-COOH
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E. CH?-COOH
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The similarities in properties of carboxylic acids, ester, and amides can best be explained by
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Their polarity and structural similarities
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The most common reactions of carboxylic acids or their derivatives involve
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The replacement of the group bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom.
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Which acid would be expected to have the lowest boiling point? A. Benzoic, C?H?COOH B. Formic, HCOOH C. Stearic, CH?(CH?)??COOH D. Oxalic, HO-CO-CO-OH E. Acetic, CH?COOH
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B. Formic
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Which of the following has the highest boiling point? A. Ethane, CH?-CH? B. Ethyl Alcohol, CH?CH?OH C. Acetic Acid, CH?-COOH D. Dimethyl Ketone, CH?(C=O)CH? E. Formaldehyde, HCHO
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C. Acetic Acid
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? HO-C(=O)CH(CH?CH?)CH?CH?CH?
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2-ehtylpentanoic acid
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What is the IUPAC name of the molecule shown? HOC(=O)CH?CH?C(=O)OH
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Butanedioic acid
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown below in condensed format? CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?COOCH?
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Methyl hexanoate
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What is the IUPAC name of the molecule shown? CH?CH?OC(=O)CH?CH?CH?
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Ethyl Butanoate
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? CH?CH(CH?)CH?CONH?
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3-methylbutanamide
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What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown? CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?CH?C(=O)N(CH?)(CH?)
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N,N-dimethyloctanamide
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The ion formed from a carboxylic acid is called the
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Carboxylate anion; Ester anion
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What does the equation below represent? CH?COOH + H?O ? CH?COO? + H?O
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The dissociation of a carboxylic acid in water
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What carboxylic acid is used to prepare the ester shown? CH?CH?OC(=O)CH?CH(CH?)CH?
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(CH?)?CHCOOH
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The products of acid hydrolysis of an ester are
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Alcohol + acid
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When an alcohol reacts with phosphoric acid, the product is referred to as a
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Phosphate ester
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All of the following can be classified as biomolecules except A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Lipids D. Nucleic acids E. All of the above are biomolecules
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E. All of the above are biomolecules
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Which functional group is least important in biochemistry? A. Amide B. Amine C. Aromatic D. Carboxyl E. All of these are equally important
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C. Aromatic
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All of the following are major functions of proteins except A. Control of biochemical reactions B. Storage of energy C. Support for organs or tissues D. Transport of necessary chemicals E. Protection against foreign substances
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B. Storage of energy
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Insulin is an example of a(n)
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Hormone
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Which category of amino acid contains R groups that are hydrophobic?
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Nonpolar
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The isoelectric point of an amino acid or peptide is
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The pH at which positive and negative charges are balanced; an acidic pH
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An amino acid has the form shown below at R-CH(NH?)C(=O)O?
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A pH greater than its isoelectric point
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Which molecule is chiral? A. CH?OH B. CH?CH=CHCl C. CH?CHClCH?CH? D. CH?Cl? E. CH?CH?(OH)CH?
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C. CH?CHClCH?CH?
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The tripeptide of alanine-glutamine-glycine can be represented by
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ala-gln-gly
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The N-terminal amino acid in the peptide ile-gly-his-pro is
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Isoleucine
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All of the following are NON-covalent interactions important in maintaining the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary aspects of amino acids except A. Hydrophobic interactions between R groups B. Salt bridges between R groups. C. Hydrogen bonding between R groups D. sulfur-sulfur bonds E. Hydrogen bonding along the backbone
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D. sulfur-sulfur bonds
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Which pair of amino acids can have hydrophobic interactions? A. Glutamic acid and serene B. Leucine and alanine C. Glycine and asparagine D. Arginine and glutamic acid E. Aspartic acid and lysine
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B. Leucine and alanine
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Which pair of amino acids can form hydrogen bonds between their R groups? A. Aspartate and lysine B. Glycine and asparagine C. Arginine and glutamate D. Glutamine and serine E. Leucine and phenylalanine
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D. Glutamine and serine
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All of the following are examples of fibrous proteins except A. Skin B. Bone C. Wool D. Insulin E. Fingernails
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D. Insulin
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All of the following are conjugated proteins except A. Myoglobin B. Collagen C. Lipoproteins D. Casein E. Glycoproteins
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B. Collagen
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Proteins that consist of two or more chains assembled into a large 3-dimensional structure are said to display
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Quaternary Structure
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When drawing a peptide (di, try, etc.) the C-terminus is best represented using: A. -COOH B. -NH? C. -CO D. -COO- E. -NH??
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D. -COO-
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When a protein is _______, its primary structure is maintained, but other aspects of its structure are disrupted.
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Denatured
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All of the following are examples of denaturing a protein except A. Pounding meat to tenderize it B. Digestion of a meal C. Souring of milk D. Using a curling iron on your hair E. A mild sunburn
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B. Digestion of a meal
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When a metalloprotein is hydrolyzed, the products would include
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Amino acids plus metal ions
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The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called the
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Substrate
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All of the following phrases correctly describes enzymes except A. contain an active site B. Behave as substrates C. Have a globular shape (are globular proteins) D. Act as catalysts E. Soluble in water
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B. Behave as substrates
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The maximum number of substrate molecules that one enzyme molecule can act on in a given unit of time is the
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Turnover number
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The relatively small portion of the enzyme that is directly involved in the biochemical reaction being catalyzed?
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Active site
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Enzymes increase the rates of only certain reactions involving certain substances. This general characteristic is called
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Specificity
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The nonprotein portion required by some enzymes for proper functioning is called a(n)
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Cofactor
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A synthetase can be classified as a(n) _________ because its function is joining two molecules together
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Ligase
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An enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of the cis and trans isomers of peptide bonds made with the amino acid proline. What class of enzyme does this enzyme belong to?
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Isomerase
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Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases phosphorylate the 3 position hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phsphatidylinositol. What class of enzymes is this enzyme part of?
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Transferases
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The enzyme mechanistic theory that describes the enzyme as a rigid, inflexible protein molecule is the ________ model.
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Lock-and-key
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Enzymes function as catalysts by
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Lowing the value of the activation energy
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When substrate molecules occupy all of the active sites in the enzyme available for a particular reaction, the enzyme is said to be
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Saturated
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In a normal biochemical system, the rate of a specific reaction is determined by
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Enzyme efficiency and substrate concentration
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Enzymes that are regulated by the binding of modulator molecules at other enzyme sites are called
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Allosteric Enzymes
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When a molecule similar to the correct reactant (but NOT the correct one) interacts with the active site of an enzyme and prevents correct reactant from binding, the process is called
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Competitive inhibition
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When a metal ion such as Pb(II) interferes with the functioning of an enzyme, the most probable process that occurs is called
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Irreversible inhibition
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Activation of zymogens involves the chemical process of
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Covalent modification
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Which mechanism of enzyme control determines the amount of enzyme that's made?
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Genetic control
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What is a vitamin?
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A small organic molecule obtained from the diet and necessary for good health
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Overdosing on vitamins A and D is more likely than overdosing on vitamin C because
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Vitamins A and D are fat soluble and thus can accumulate in body fat, where vitamin C is water soluble and the excess will be excreted in urine
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Photosynthesis is an ________ process because the free energy of the products is _________ the free energy of the reactants.
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Endergonic; Greater than
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The biochemical process in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones and energy is released is referred to as
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Catabolism
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The ultimate source of energy for all but a very few biochemical reactions is
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The sun
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The mitochondria are the location where _______ takes place and most ________ is produced.
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Citric acid cycle; ATP
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A metabolic pathway that can be illustrated as A?B?C?D is said to be a(n) _________ pathway
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Linear
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The common molecule produced form all foods at the second stage of catabolism is
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Acetyl-SCoA
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ATP is the molecule most often used for energy transport because
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Its hydrolysis releases an intermediate amount of energy and is relatively slow except in the presence of the appropriate enzymes
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The reaction in which ATP is converted to ADP with release of 7.3 kcal is a(n) _________ reaction.
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Hydrolysis
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The purpose of coupling two biochemical reactions is to
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Use an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
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Which statement concerning coenzymes and redox reactions is incorrect? A. NAD? is the oxidized form of NADH B. FAD is the reduced form of FADH? C. An oxidation reaction cannot occur unless a reduction reaction also occurs. D. Oxidation can be considered as loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen E. Reduction can be considered as gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen
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B. FAD is the reduced form of FADH?
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In addition to producing ATP, the citric acid cycle produces ________ as high energy molecules and ________ as its major chemical waste product.
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Reduced coenzymes; CO?
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In steps 3 and 4 of the citric acid cycle, successive oxidations produce _________ as a waste product and the four-carbon carrier _________.
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CO?; succinyl-SCoA
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The fourth stage of metabolism, in which the high energy molecules from stage three are oxidized to produce ATP is also referred to as
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The electron transport chain
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Harmful byproducts of biochemical oxidation include
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Superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals
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After O? has been reduced in the electron transport chain, the oxygen atoms are part of what molecules?
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Water
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A carbohydrate can be defined as a molecule
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That is an aldehyde or ketone and that has more than one hydroxyl group
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Classify the molecule shown according to the location of its carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms. CHOCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH?OH
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Aldopentose
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CH?(OH)C(=O)CH(OH)CH?OH
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Ketotetrose
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Glucose and fructose can be classified as a(n) _________ and _______, respectively.
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Aldohexose; ketohexose
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How many stereoisomers of an aldoheptose can exist?
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32
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Molecules such as erythrose and threose, which are stereoisomers of each other but not mirror images, are referred to as a pair of ________. D- and L- threose are mirror images and are referred to as a pair of _________.
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Diastereomers; enantiomers
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How many stereoisomers are possible for the following molecule? CH?(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)C(=O)CH(OH)CH?OH
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8
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A sugar is classified as a D-isomer if the hydroxyl group
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On the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the right
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Two isomeric sugars that are cyclic and only differ in the position of the -OH group attached to the hemiacetal carbon are called
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Anomers
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The process where glucose undergoes reaction to form an equilibrium mixture of anomie's
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mutarotation
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When a simple sugar forms a ring by reacting one of its hydroxyl groups with its aldehyde group, the bond is referred to as a(n) __________ linkage.
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Hemiacetal
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The reaction of a simple sugar with an alcohol produces a _________.
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Glycoside;cyclic acetal;mixture of anomers
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The conversion of glucose to gluconic acid (or gluconate) is a(n) ________ reaction.
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Oxidation
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Why/when can monosaccharides act as 'reducing sugars'?
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They have a carbonyl group, usually on the #1 carbon atom (but on #2 carbon will work).
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A glycosidic bond is
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A bond formed between an anomeric carbon atom and any -OR group.
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All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except A. The same enzymes are used in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. B. The major physical processes in digestion are mixing, softening, and grinding of food C. Digestion begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine D. Digestion can be considered a catabolic process in which bulk food is broken down into individual small molecules E. The major chemical reaction in digestion is enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of large molecules
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A. The same enzymes are used in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
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The most important goal of glucose metabolism is
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Production of ATP as an energy source for all cells
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The pathway followed by glucose for storage when energy is not needed is
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Glycolysis
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When a cell's need for NADPH or ribose-6-phosphate exceeds its need for ATP, glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized by
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The pentose phosphate pathway
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When energy is needed and adequate oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to ___________.
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Acetyl-SCoA
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All of the following are reactions in the oxidation of glucose which produce energy except A. The citric acid cycle B. Reaction of reduced coenzymes in the electron transport-chain C. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-SCoA D. Glycogenolysis E. Glycolysis
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D. Glycogenolysis
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In the first step of glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is known as
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Phosphorylation
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What is produced as a net result of glycolysis?
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NADH; ATP
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The intermediate resulting from steps 3-5 of glycolysis that is oxidized in step 6 is
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
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The products of glycolysis important in metabolism are
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Pyruvate; ATP; and NADH
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Steps 1-5 of glycolysis are referred to as the "energy investment" portion of the process because these steps
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Consume ATP instead of producing it
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Conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to D-glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is a(n)
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Isomerization
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Glycolysis occurs mainly in the
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Cytosol of all cells
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Entry of monosaccharides other than glucose into the glycolysis pathway initially involves
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Conversion into phosphates
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Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized in muscle cells under aerobic conditions?
answer
Acetyl-SCoA
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Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized by yeast cells?
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Ethanol
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Insulin increases the rate at which
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...
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Overproduction of insulin causes _______, a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is _______ than normal.
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Hypoglycemia; Lower
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In an individual who is starving or fasting, the body meets its need for glucose first by the process of ________, and then by the process of ________.
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Glycogenolysis; Gluconeogenesis
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The biochemical roles of lipids are
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Storage of excess energy; component of cell membranes; and chemical messengers.
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All of the following types of molecules can be classified as lipids except A. Eicosanoids B. Triacylglycerols C. Steroids D. Sphingomyelins E. Glycoproteins
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E. Glycoproteins
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Biomolecules can be classified as lipids on the basis of
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The physical property of solubility in non polar organic solvents
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The process of transport across cell membranes which costs biochemical energy is
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Active transport
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Which statement about eicosanoids is not correct A. The parent molecule, arachidonic acid, contains 20 carbon atoms. B. Eicosanoids function as "local hormones," acting as short-term chemical messengers. C. All of the molecules in this category are unsaturated D. Linolenic acid is a precursor to arachidonic acid E. None of the above
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E. None of the above
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Which molecule is an unsaturated fatty acid? A. CH?(CH?)??COOH B. CH?(CH?)?CH=CH(CH?)?COOH C. CH?CH=CHCH?COOH D. (CH?)?CH(CH?)?COOH E. none of the above
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B. CH?(CH?)?CH=CH(CH?)?COOH
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Triglycerides belong to which general class of organic molecules?
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Esters
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Which C?? fatty acid is a solid at room temperature? A. Oleic B. Linoleic C. Linolenic D. Stearic E. All will be solids at room temperature
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D. Stearic
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Fats are generally _______ at room temperature and are obtained from ________.
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Solids; Animals
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Which fatty acid composition will yield a triglyceride that will most likely be an oil? A. 2 palmitic acid and 1 oleic acid units B. 2 linoleic acid and 1 stearic acid units C. 3 stearic acid units D. 3 palmitic acid units E. 2 palmitic acid and 1 stearic acid units
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B. 2 linoleic acid and 1 stearic acid units
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The chemical makeup of a wax is
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A simple ester of a long chain alcohol and a fatty acid
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The chemical makeup of oils is
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Esters of glycerol with three predominantly unsaturated fatty acids
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Unsaturated triacylglycerols are usually ________ because:
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Liquids; The kinks in their fatty acid chains prevent their fitting together closely
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The product of an esterification reaction between which of the following molecules would be a fat? I. CH?(CH?)??COOH II. CH?(CH?)?CH=CH(CH?)?COOH III. HOCH?CH?OH IV. HOCH?CH(OH)CH?OH
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C. I and IV
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In chemical terms, soaps can best be described as
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Salts of carboxylic acids
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A sphingomyelin includes all of the following components except A. Amino alcohol B. Glycerol C. Fatty acid D. Sphingosine E. Phosphate group
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B. Glycerol
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The carbohydrate portion of a glycolipid extends _________________________ in order to allow the molecule to function as a ___________.
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Into the extracellular fluid; receptor site
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A certain glycerophospholipid is made of glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate and ethanol amine. Which components do carboxylic ester linkages connect?
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Glycerol and the fatty acids
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Which substance would not be transported into a cell by simple diffusion? A. Ethanol B. Epinephrine C. CO? D. O? E. Estrogen
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B. Epinephrine
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Enzymes that hydrolyze lipids are _________; substances that emulsify lipids for hydrolysis are __________.
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Lipases; Bile acids
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Where do first chemical changes in the digestion of dietary fats take place?
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Small intestine
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Which of the following lipoproteins is used for the transport of dietary lipids in the blood? A. ultra-high-density lipoproteins B. very low-density lipoproteins C. high-density lipoproteins D. Chylomicrons E. low-density lipoproteins
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D. Chylomicrons
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Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to sites where it is used in cell membranes or in steroid synthesis?
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low-density lipoproteins
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High density lipoproteins contain a greater amount of _________ than do low density lipoproteins.
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Protein
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The breakdown of triacylglycerols is triggered by an increase in what?
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Glucagon
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All of the following are possible fates of the acetyll-SCoA intermediate except A. Gluconeogenesis B. Synthesis of cholesterol C. Lipogenesis D. The citric acid cycle and production of ATP. E. Ketogenesis
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A. Gluconeogenesis
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When energy from stored triacylglycerols is needed, they are _________, and then transported in the bloodstream via _________ as fatty acids
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Hydrolyzed; Albumins
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In the synthesis of triacylglycerides, fatty acids must react with __________ before they can attach to the glycerol backbone.
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Coenzyme A
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Where in the cell does beta-oxidation of fatty acids occur?
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Mitochondria
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How many NADH are produced in the beta-oxidation pathway by the oxidation of a 10-carbon fatty acid?
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4
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Ketogenesis occurs from a(n)
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Overproduction of acetyl CoA
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Which statements are true for the process of lipogenesis? I. It occurs in the mitochondria II. Acyl carrier proteins are involved III. NADPH is the coenzyme IV. The molecule increases in length by two carbons
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B. II, III, IV
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In comparing the potential energy of lipids and carbohydrates on a weigh basis, it is correct to say that lipids provide
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Considerable more energy than carbohydrates
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What is the correct molecular formula for 2-methyl-1-butene?
answer
C?H??
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Changing a five carbon alkene to a five carbon alkane would best be considered a(n)
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Addition reaction
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Reduction of the compound (CH?)?C(C=O)CH? will form a(n) ________ alcohol
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Secondary alcohol
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1,3-dimethylcyclohexanol is a(n) _________ alcohol
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Tertiary alcohol
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Which compound listed below could have cis-trans isomers? A. Cyclohexane B. 2-ethyl-1-butene C. 1,2-dichloroethene D. 2,3-dichloro-1-butene E. 1-butene
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C. 1,2-dichloroethene
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An alcohol undergoes *dehydration*. the product formed would have
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A lower boiling point and lower solubility in water compared to alcohol
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Which compound listed below would have the highest boiling point? A. compound formed from hydrogenating 1-hexene B. compound formed from oxidizing hexanal C. Compound formed from hydrating 1-hexene D. 2-butanone E. 2-butanol
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B. Compound formed from oxidizing hexanal
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Which of the compounds listed will have hydrogen bonds? A. Product formed from hydrogenating cyclohexene B. Product formed form hydrohalogenating cyclohexene C. Product formed from dehydrating cyclohexanol D. Product formed from hydrating cyclohexanol E. 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane
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D. Product formed form hydrating cyclohexanol
question
Complete oxidation of CH?CH(CH?)CH?CH(OH)CH?
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Ketone
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Name the following: CH?=CHCH?CH?C(CH?)?CH?
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5,5-dimethyl-1-hexene
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Members of which class of biomolecules are the building blocks of proteins?
answer
Amino acids
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This compound is: CH?CH?O-P(=O)(OH)OP(=O)(OH)OH
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Both an ester and an anhydride
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Which functional group (assume similar # of carbons) would likely be the most water insoluble
answer
An aromatic
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If a protein is _________ its primary structure is destroyed, thus destroying other aspects of its structure
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Hydrolyzed
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The products of saponification of an ester are
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Carboxylate salt + alcohol
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Which of the following is NOT a property of aldehydes and ketones? A. They are polar B. Most have distinctive odors C. They have lower boiling points than alcohols of similar molar mass D. They have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molar mass E. They cannot participate in H-bonding with water because they have no H atoms bonded to oxygen
answer
E. They cannot participate in H-bonding with water because they have no H atoms bonded to oxygen
question
Which amino acid can form covalent sulfur-sulfur bonds? A. Cysteine B. Glycine C. Proline D. Methionine E. Phenylalanine
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A. Cysteine
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They type of bond/interaction that is most important in maintaining secondary protein structure is
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Hydrogen bonding within the backbone
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Which type of interaction is NOT directly involved in maintaining tertiary protein structure?
answer
C. Peptide bonds
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All of the following can denature proteins without hydrolysis except A. heat B. mechanical stress C. enzyme treatment D. lowering/increasing pH E. detergents
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C. Enzyme treatment
question
All of the statements about carboxylic acids are true except A. when they behave as acids the -OH group is lost leaving the CO? ion B. they undergo substitution reactions involving the -OH group C. at low molecular weights they are liquids with sharp stinging odors D. they form H-bonds, so their boiling points are higher than expected based on molecular weight E. they react with bases to form salts which are often more soluble than the original acid
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A. when they behave as acids, the -OH group is lost leaving the CO? ion
question
Enantiomers are a form of steroisomer in which each molecule in the pair of isomers has
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A carbon atom bonded to 4 different groups and the isomers are mirror images
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Adding *an* alcohol (not 2) to 2-butanone will yield a(n)
answer
Hemiacetal
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Since hemiacetals are unstable, they are seldom found in significant quantities in reaction mixtures. An exception to this statement is the formation of hemiacetals from
answer
Aldehyde and alcohol groups within the same molecule
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Vitamins are essential to the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function in/as
answer
Coenzymes
question
Which of the following statements about free radicals is incorrect? A. They are a byproduct of oxygen consuming redox reactions B. They can disrupt covalent bonds in biomolecules C. Certain vitamins provide protection from their harmful effects D. Hydroxyl dismutase is one of the specific enzymes that can provide protection from their harmful effects
answer
D. Hydroxyl dismutase is one of the specific enzymes that can provide protection from their harmful effects
question
Which of the following is *not* true of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation? A. Electrons are passed through proteins complexes containing cytochromes B. Acetyl groups from the citric acid cycle are used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain C. Protons are pumped across the membrane form low concentration to high concentration D. Oxidative phosphorylation involves the formation of ATP
answer
B. Acetyl groups from the citric acid cycle are used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain
question
A multi-step biochemical process in which the rate of an early step is affected by the concentration of products of a later step is said to be subject to
answer
Feedback control
question
Which sequence illustrates the order of the steps from food to biochemically useful energy? A. digestion; citric acid cycle; ATP production; acetyl-SCoA production B. citric acid cycle; digestion; acetyl-SCoA production; ATP production C. digestion; citric acid cycle; acetyl-SCoA production; ATP production D. digestion; acetyl-SCoA production; citric acid cycle; ATP production
answer
D. digestion; acetyl-SCoA production; citric acid cycle; ATP production
question
Endergonic reactions are always A. nonspontaneous B. exothermic C. enzyme-catalyzed D. spontaneous
answer
A. Nonspontaneous
question
All of the following are energy strategies used in biochemical reactions except A. ATP is produced as a means of transferring energy B. Exergonic reactions are used to drive unfavorable reactions C. Chemical reactions occur in pairs to change the value of G for one of the reactions D. Coenzymes which can exist in oxidized or reduced forms are used to transfer electrons
answer
C. chemical reactions occur in pairs to change the value of G for one of the reactions
question
Which of the following statements about acetyl-SCoA is *incorrect*? A. it is a thither B. it is a major intermediate in sugar, fat, and protein metabolism C. the 'coenzyme A' portion is derived from a vitamin D. it is condensed with oxaloacetate in the first step of the citric acid cycle
answer
A. it is a thioether
question
Ketoses can act as reducing sugars in basic solution because
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The ketone is converted to an aldehyde by rearrangement of the carbonyl
question
if G is 3kcal
answer
it is exergonic and favors the products
question
Which of the following statements is not correct about the citric acid cycle? A. energy is captured in reduced coenzymes B. carbons from acetyl-CoA are eventually oxidized to O? C. there are 3 NADH, 1 FADH?, and 1 ATP produced per one turn of the cycle D. there are 8 steps and oxaloacetate is the first reactant and the last product
answer
B. carbons from acetyl-CoA are eventually oxidized to O?
question
In steps 5-8 of the citric acid cycle, the high energy molecules _______,________, and _________ are produced, and _____________ is regenerated to begin another turn of the cycle
answer
GTP; FADH?; NADH/H?; oxaloacetate
question
Citrate must be isomerized in the citric acid cycle because the ___________ group of the citrate is not oxidized but the ___________ group of isocitrate is.
answer
Tertiary alcohol; secondary alcohol
question
Substances (not reactants) that can negatively or positively regulate enzyme activity by making the reactant binding site available/unavailable bind to the _____________ of the enzyme
answer
Allosteric site
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An enzyme contains cofactors and coenzymes necessary for biological catalysis within the ____________ of the enzyme.
answer
Active site
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A reactant, known as the __________, first enters into the specific area used for enzyme catalysis. This enzyme property is referred to as the ________________.
answer
Substrate; Proximity effect
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The enzyme provides the acidic, basic or other groups needed to promote the reaction. This enzyme property is referred to as the ________________.
answer
Catalytic effect
question
In a lipid bilayer, lipids have
answer
Their water repelling tails facing inward
question
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from dead cells to the liver to be recycled or excreted?
answer
high-density lipoproteins
question
Glycoproteins are formed by bonding an oligosaccharide to a protein through a _________ linkage?
answer
Glycosidic
question
Glycerol is utilized in which types of lipids?
answer
TAGs and phospholipids
question
Starch is composed of two polymers, _________, which is an unbranched chain, and __________, which a branched chain.
answer
Amylose; amylopectin
question
The molecule that is a precursor to the other ketone bodies is
answer
Acetoacetate
question
Which of the following statements is *not* correct? A. Glucagon stimulates glycogen synthesis B. Insulin is involved in the uptake of glucose in cells C. Insulin indicates a well-fed state D. Metabolic activity in diabetes resembles that observed during starvation
answer
A. Glucagon stimulates glycogen synthesis
question
Which polysaccharide has only B(1,4) linkages?
answer
Cellulose
question
Which statement about cholesterol is *not* correct? A. it is an essential component of cell membranes B. it is the precursor for bile acids and salts C. it cannot be synthesized by the body D. it is soluble in non-polar solvents
answer
C. it cannot be synthesized by the body
question
The product of an esterification reaction between which of the following molecules would be an oil? I. CH?(CH?)??COOH II. CH?(CH?)?CH=CH(CH?)?COOH III. HOCH?CHCH?OH IV. CH?OHCH(OH)CH?OH
answer
I and IV
question
Glycerol produced during lipid metabolism is converted to ______________ which can be isomerized and then enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis pathways.
answer
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
question
What is an accurate *net* result from one glucose molecule that goes through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
answer
4 ATP; 10 NADH; 2 FADH?
question
Which statements are true for the process of B-oxidation I. it occurs in the mitochondria II. acyl carrier proteins are involved III. NADPH is the coenzyme IV. energy is released in the process V. the molecule length increases by two carbons
answer
I and IV
question
Identify whether you would expect the molecule to be transported through the lipid bilayer by active transport, simple diffusion, or facilitated diffusion. Alcohol Na? CO?
answer
Simple; active; simple
question
The pathway followed by glucose when energy is needed
answer
Glycolysis
question
The pathway followed when lipid catabolism produces more acetyl-SCoA than the citric acid cycle can consume but energy is needed
answer
Ketogenesis
question
The pathway followed when energy is needed during fasting and starvation that is utilized after the supply of glycogen has deteriorated, but before lipid metabolism has been mobilized.
answer
Gluconeogenesis
question
The pathway followed when excess energy needs to be converted for 'long-term' storage
answer
Lipogenesis
question
Name the molecule below CH?C(=O)C(=O)O?
answer
Pyruvate
question
Glucose-1-phosphate + UTP ? UDP-glucose + P?O??
answer
Glycogenesis
question
2 Lactate + 6 ATP ? Glucose
answer
Gluconeogenesis
question
Glucose + 2 ADP ? 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP
answer
Glycolysis
question
Glycogen + HOPO?²? ? Glucose-1-phosphate
answer
Glycogenolysis
