question

metabolic reactions where energy comes out and the products have less free energy than the reactants.

answer

Exergonic reaction

question

energy of motion; moving rock, car in motion.

answer

Kinetic

question

when electrons pass from one molecule to another, the one molecule gains or accepts the electrons.

answer

Reduction

question

protein molecules that function as organic catalysts to speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation.

answer

enzymes

question

molecule that possesses a large amount of chemical energy in the chemical bonds; the energy "currency" for the cell; subunits are ADP and an inorganic P.

answer

ATP

question

states that energy can change from one form to another, but will never be created or destroyed in the transformation.

answer

First Law of Thermodynamics

question

reactions where the energy released by an exergonic reaction will drive an endergonic reaction.

answer

coupled reactions

question

states that some useful energy is lost as heat when energy transformations occur; leads to a disordered universe.

answer

Second Law of Thermodynamics

question

refers to how temperature can change the shape of a protein (especially an enzyme protein) and render it nonfunctional.

answer

denature

question

refers to stored energy like in the chemical energy stored in glucose, lipids, or ATP.

answer

potential

question

the energy that must be added to a chemical reaction that will force the substrates to interact chemically with one another.

answer

Energy of Activation

question

refers to an enzyme's active site undergoing a change in shape to accommodate the substrates.

answer

Induced fit model

question

production of ATP energy due to a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane.

answer

chemiosmosis

question

metabolic reaction where energy goes into the reaction and products have more free energy than reactants.

answer

endergonic reaction

question

a nonprotein organic molecule that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work better.

answer

coenzymes

question

when electrons pass from one molecule to another, the electrons are lost or donated to the other molecule.

answer

oxidation

question

the sum of all cellular chemical reactions which involves reactants and products.

answer

metabolism

question

a series of linked reactions usually with specific enzyme involvement terminates in a final end product.

answer

metabolic pathway

question

when a metabolic pathway is shut down when a substance binds to the allosteric site on an enzyme and no more product is produced.

answer

reversible inhibition

question

Glucose and Oxygen

answer

End products of Photosynthesis

question

Carbon dioxide, Water, Energy

answer

Reactants of Photosynthesis

question

Organisms containing chloroplasts; able to utilize solar energy to make food.

answer

Autotroph

question

In the presence of light, plants are able to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide

answer

Photorespiration

question

The central, fluid-filled space of the chloroplast

answer

Stroma

question

The product of the Calvin Cycle that is used to form glucose, amino acids, or fatty acids.

answer

G3P

question

The major enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide.

answer

Rubisco

question

Partition their stomata based on time; cactus.

answer

CAM Plants

question

Contains pigments, electron acceptors, and involves the production of oxygen during photosynthesis.

answer

Photosystem Two

question

Corn and Sugarcane; Partitions based on space.

answer

C4 Plants

question

Flattened sacs forming the inner membrane system within the stroma.

answer

Thylakoids

question

Contains pigment, electron acceptors, and involves the production of NADPH.

answer

Photosystem One

question

Stacks of thylakoids.

answer

Grana

question

Capable of absorbing solar energy to energize electrons.

answer

Pigments

question

Utilizing solar energy to produce ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen.

answer

Light Reaction

question

CO2 is taken up and reduced into a carbohydrate

answer

Calvin Cycle

question

Undergo normal photosynthesis and photorespiration. Wheat and Rice.

answer

C3 Plants

question

Process that attaches CO2 to RuBP, which then splits into two, 3-Carbon molecules.

answer

Carbon dioxide fixation

question

5-Carbon molecule needed for Carbon dioxide fixation.

answer

RuBP

question

Process that utilizes ATP and NADPH to reduce 3PG into G3P

answer

Carbon dioxide reduction

question

Glucose and Oxygen

answer

Reactants for Cellular Respiration

question

Water, Carbon dioxide, ATP

answer

End Products of Cellular Respiration

question

Anaerobic process that breaks glucose down into two pyruvates.

answer

Glycolysis

question

Breaks pyruvates into acetyl-CoA and Carbon dioxide.

answer

Preparatory Reaction

question

Process that produces NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP.

answer

Citric Acid Cycle

question

Process that reduces molecular oxygen into water by the movement of Hydrogen ions.

answer

Electron Transport Chain

question

Anaerobic process that follows Glycolysis and produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose.

answer

Fermentation

question

Molecules lose electrons; Happens to glucose in cellular respiration.

answer

Oxidized

question

Molecules gain electrons; Happens to oxygen in cellular respiration.

answer

Reduced

question

Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose results in a net total of ______ ATP molecules.

answer

36

question

Net total of ATP produced in Glycolysis.

answer

2

question

Percentage of energy converted per glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration.

answer

39

question

Requires oxygen

answer

Aerobic

question

Absence of oxygen

answer

Anaerobic

question

The production of ATP as a result of energy released by the Electron Transport System.

answer

Oxydative phosphorylation

question

Product of fermentation in animal cells that leads to cramping and fatigue.

answer

Lactic Acid

question

Product of fermentation that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide; can produce alcholic beverages by yeast.

answer

Alcohol

question

substances like NAD and FAD that carry electrons and hydrogens to the electron transport chain.

answer

Coenzymes

question

Part of the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle takes place.

answer

Matrix

question

Location of the Electron Transport Chain where ATP and Water are produced.

answer

Cristae

question

refers to the reactants of an enzymatic reaction

answer

Subtrate

question

where the anaerobic portion of respiration (glycolysis) occurs

answer

Cytoplasm

question

where the aerobic respiration occurs

answer

Mitochondria

question

The first step of glycolysis is when the 6-carbon glucose is broken down into__

answer

Pyruvates

question

Net gain of 2 ATP (total of 4 ATP)

answer

# ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis

question

hydrogen carrier is produced during glycolysis

answer

NADH

question

In the transition step, what is pyruvate converted in to what in order to enter the Citric Acid Cycle

answer

Acetyl-CoA

question

pyruvate goes if there is plenty of oxygen in the cell

answer

Citric acid

question

green

answer

which component of white light is least necessary for photosynthesis?

question

autotrophs

answer

1) produce their own food 2) plants are autotrophs 3) they convert light energy into chemical energy 4) cyanobacteria are autotrophs

question

consumers

answer

a biologist wants to study heterotrophs. what would he or she be most interested in studying?

question

heterotrophs and autotrophs

answer

what organism uses organic molecules produced by photosynthesis?

question

thylakoids

answer

flattened sacs within the chloroplast are known as

question

it contains metabolic enzymes used to ? carbon dioxide to carbohydrate

answer

what is the significance of the stroma of the chloroplast

question

it has gained electrons

answer

what happens if a molecule has been reduced?

question

carbodhydrate and oxygen

answer

during the process of photosynthesis, what is formed?

question

carbon dioxide and water

answer

a biologist is studying the raw materials tat plants use to conduct photosynthesis. what pair of molecules would s/he be studying?

question

1) need light to work 2) use water and pigment molecules 3) occur in chloroplast 4) occur in stroma of chloroplast

answer

info about light reactions in photosynthesis

question

carbon dioxide

answer

what is reduced as a result of Calvin cycle?

question

chlorophyll

answer

what initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis?

question

when chlorophyll breaks down, the red and yellow pigments which are already present become visible

answer

the reason deciduous leave turn red and yellow in fall is

question

1) carriers are membrane-bound 2) occurs in chloroplast 3) produces ATP 4) ATP synthase complex is used

answer

statements about photosynthesis electron transport chain

question

light reactions

answer

water is split and oxygen is released during which process in photosynthesis?

question

to replace the electron lost in photosystem II

answer

why is water split during photosynthesis?

question

photosystem ii

answer

where do light reactions begin in photosynthesis?

question

ATP would not be produced

answer

if the electron transport chain stopped during photosynthesis what would be the direct result?

question

NADPH and ATP

answer

what is/are the end products of light reactions in photosynthesis?

question

the electron transport chain

answer

electrons move from photosystem ii to photosystem i via what?

question

thylakoids

answer

a biologist is studying the formation of ATP & NADPH. which part of the cell would s/he be most interested in studying?

question

carbon dioxide fixation would stop

answer

what would happen if the molecule RuBP no longer functioned in a plant?

question

carbohydrate

answer

the major goal of the Calvin cycle is to produce which of the following?

question

1) NADPH into NADP 2) carbon dioxide reduction 3) electron transport 4) carbon dioxide fixation

answer

what reactions occur during the Calvin cycle?

question

1) NADPH 2) ATP 3) RuBP 4) G3P

answer

which molecules are involved in the Calvin cyle?

question

RuBP regeneration

answer

The last step in Calvin cycle is

question

chloroplast stroma

answer

a biologist is studying the formation of carbohydrate during photosynthesis. What part of chloroplast what s/he be studying?

question

carbon dioxide NADPH ATP

answer

Calvin cycle is directly dependent upon a supply of

question

carbon dioxide

answer

what molecules are directly converted to glucose & other organic molecules

question

C3

answer

it a student was studying an ecosystem where temp & rainfall are moderate, s/he would most likely find what type of plant?

question

? efficiency of photosynthesis

answer

what effects on C3 plants would ? levels of oxygen have?

question

C4

answer

when carbon dioxide is in limited supply, what type of plants would have the advantage?

question

1) their mesophyll cells are arranged in parallel rows 2) they have chloroplasts in their mesophyll & bundle sheath cells 3) work efficiently at low levels of carbon dioxide 4) work efficiently at low levels of water

answer

statements about C4 plants

question

C3 plants

answer

most major food plants such as wheat, oats, & rice are in what group?

question

CAM

answer

the main type of Calvin cycle found in flowering succulent plants which live in hot, arid regions would be

question

water conservation

answer

the major advantage of the CAM pathway is

question

the stomata of CAM plants only open and allow carbon dioxide to enter at night

answer

Calvin cycle in CAM plants exemplifies the term "light-independent reactions" because

question

green

answer

if chlorophyll absorbed green wavelengths of visible light, what color would leaves not appear?

question

the ATP produced by ATP synthase powers the Calvin cycle, the ultimate source of all organic molecules made by the plants

answer

a researcher develops an herbicide that binds to and blocks the action of ATP synthase in the thylakoid membranes. why is this substance lethal to plants?

question

no reaction center electrons could become excited

answer

what would occur if a photosystem contained no antennae molecules?

question

ATP synthase complexes would not work

answer

what would occur if the thylakoid membrane was highly permeable to hydrogen ions?

question

xrays

answer

what has the shortest wavelength?

question

carbon dioxide levels ? because trees would ordinarily absorm carbon dioxide

answer

what is the effect of burning trees on atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide?

question

carbon dioxide and water

answer

what are the end products for cellular respiration?

question

oxygen and glucose

answer

a biologist is studying the reactants in the overall equation for cellular respiration. s/he would be studying what molecules?

question

D. They reflect green wavelengths of light and absorb blue and red light.

answer

Why are plants green? A. They absorb only green wavelengths of light. B. They absorb only yellow and blue wavelengths of light. C. They reflect nearly all wavelengths of light. D. They reflect green wavelengths of light and absorb blue and red light. E. They reflect yellow and blue wavelengths of light.

question

C. oxygen and carbohydrate

answer

What are the products of photosynthesis? A. water and carbon dioxide B. water and oxygen C. oxygen and carbohydrate D. carbohydrate and water

question

D. plants, algae, and some bacteria

answer

What organisms are capable of photosynthesis? A. plants only B. plants and algae only C. plants and some bacteria only D. plants, algae, and some bacteria

question

C. chlorophyll c

answer

Which of these is NOT a major photosynthetic pigment in plants? A. chlorophyll a B. chlorophyll b C. chlorophyll c D. carotenoid pigments

question

C. More NADPH would be produced during the cyclic electron pathway.

answer

If plants were only able to undergo the cyclic pathway, which of the following would NOT be true? A. Plants would not produce oxygen. B. Carbohydrate could still be produced but in much smaller quantities. C. More NADPH would be produced during the cyclic electron pathway. D. ATP production would decrease due to a smaller amount of H+ being available.

question

A. C3 plants.

answer

Photorespiration occurs mainly in: A. C3 plants. B. C4 plants. C. CAM plants. D. all of the above.

question

D. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast

answer

To what does the term stroma refer? A. the double membrane of the chloroplast B. a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast C. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures D. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast E. the cytochrome system in the membranes of the thylakoids

question

C. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures

answer

To what does the term grana refer? A. the double membrane of the chloroplast B. a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast C. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures D. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast E. the cytochrome system in the membranes of the thylakoids

question

A. Photosystem I passes electrons on to Photosystem II.

answer

Which statement is NOT true about photosystems? A. Photosystem I passes electrons on to Photosystem II. B. Each photosystem contains numerous pigment molecules that act as antennas to capture light. C. Photosystem I contains a reaction center molecule that loses electrons which are then replaced by electrons from water. D. Electrons in the reaction center molecule are excited by absorbed solar energy and are passed along to an acceptor molecule.

question

E. moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through an ATP synthase complex channel that generates ATP.

answer

Protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems I and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space A. enters the photorespiration pathway. B. converts NADP to NADPH and generates ATP in the process. C. is small enough to diffuse back out through the lipid bilayer. D. raises the pH of the space until the processes stop. E. moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through an ATP synthase complex channel that generates ATP.

question

C. It produces NADPH.

answer

Which statement is NOT true about the cyclic electron pathway? A. It produces ATP. B. It involves Photosystem I. C. It produces NADPH. D. Electrons lost from Photosystem I eventually return to Photosystem I.

question

E. It produces carbohydrates through carbon dioxide fixation.

answer

Which statement is NOT true about the noncyclic electron pathway? A. Electrons are boosted to higher energy level in Photosystem I. B. Sunlight excites electrons in Photosystem II. C. It produces ATP. D. It produces NADPH. E. It produces carbohydrates through carbon dioxide fixation.

question

C. carbon dioxide fixation

answer

Which is most closely associated with the Calvin cycle? A. ATP production B. oxygen production C. carbon dioxide fixation D. carbon dioxide production E. removal of electrons from water for passage through an electron transport system

question

C. glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P).

answer

_______ is a product of the Calvin Cycle that is used to form glucose phosphate, amino acids or fatty acids. A. ATP. B. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). C. glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P). D. PEP carboxylase (PEPcase). E. carbon dioxide.

question

E. All choices but the halting of photosystems are correct.

answer

When the stomata in a leaf close during the day, then A. carbon dioxide in the air spaces in the leaf decreases. B. oxygen in the air spaces in the leaf increases. C. C3 plants carry on photorespiration, using O2 and producing PGA and CO2. D. all photosystems as well as photorespiration come to a halt. E. All choices but the halting of photosystems are correct.

question

A. ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco).

answer

The major enzyme that 'fixes' carbon dioxide is called A. ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco). B. glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P). C. PEP carboxylase (PEPcase). D. lactate dehydrogenase

question

True

answer

The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which: forms a six-carbon molecule that immediately breaks down into two three-carbon PGA molecules. True False

question

True

answer

The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which: is a reaction assisted by large quantities of RuBP carboxylase enzyme. True False

question

True

answer

The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which: decreases cell carbon dioxide levels, which increases the diffusion gradient. True False

question

False

answer

The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which: immediately becomes a six-carbon sugar that is the base for starch, sucrose, cellulose, etc. True False

question

C. excite electrons in chlorophyll

answer

The function of sunlight in photosynthesis is to: A. reduce NADPH to NADP B. fix O2 in the Calvin cycle C. excite electrons in chlorophyll D. combine carbon dioxide and water to form ATP and NADPH

question

A. cactus

answer

Which would be a CAM plant? A. cactus B. corn C. rice D. wheat E. oak tree

question

C. Glucose

answer

A product of photosynthesis, _________, is the chief source of energy for most organisms. A. Oxygen B. Sucrose C. Glucose D. All of the above

question

A. photosystem one.

answer

Oxygen production in photosynthesis involves all of the following EXCEPT A. photosystem one. B. photosystem two. C. splitting of water. D. light reactions

question

C. oxygen.

answer

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) is used by plants for all of the following EXCEPT the formation of A. fatty acids. B. amino acids. C. oxygen. D. sucrose.

question

D. All of the choices are correct.

answer

C-4 plants A. store carbon dioxide temporarily as oxaloacetate. B. are found in hot dry climates. C. have a net photosynthetic rate two to three times that of C-3 plants. D. All of the choices are correct.

question

B. These reaction are involved in the reduction of CO2. Energy is required in the form of ATP, which is hydrolyzed to ADP. The substrate BPG is reduced, while the coenzyme NADPH is oxidized.

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5514060138/ Characterize the reactions involved in these reactions of the Calvin Cycle. A. These are reactions involved in the regeneration of RuBP. The reactions include an exergonic reaction (ATP à ADP) and the reduction of the coenzyme NADPH. B. These reaction are involved in the reduction of CO2. Energy is required in the form of ATP, which is hydrolyzed to ADP. The substrate BPG is reduced, while the coenzyme NADPH is oxidized. C. These reaction are involved in the fixation of CO2. Energy is required in the form of ADP, which is hydrolyzed to ATP. The substrate BPG is oxidized, while the coenzyme NADPH is reduced. D. These reactions are part of Light Reactions in noncyclic pathway. ATP and NADPH are used during these reactions.

question

A. have these processes separated by time.

answer

While C-4 plants have carbon dioxide fixation and carbon dioxide uptake separated by location within the plant, CAM plants A. have these processes separated by time. B. fix much greater amounts of carbon dioxide than C-4 plants. C. are found in tropical regions where nutrients are abundant. D. All of the choices are correct.

question

A. just like the action spectrum with peaks at violet/blue and orange/red and a trough at yellow/green

answer

The action spectrum of photosynthesis shows a high light absorption for violet/blue and orange/red and a low absorption for green/yellow. If we were to set up an experiment where narrow bands of unicolored light were shown on an aquatic plant such as Elodea, and we counted the number of bubbles of oxygen produced as an indicator of photosynthetic rate, how would the graph appear? A. just like the action spectrum with peaks at violet/blue and orange/red and a trough at yellow/green B. exactly inverted from the action spectrum with a peak for yellow/green C. perfectly flat because many wavelengths are used by chlorophyll D. a descending line because ultra-violet has more energy than infra-red E. There is no way to guess without actually running the experiment.

question

C. excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors in the chloroplast.

answer

When an electron has been excited to a higher energy state, it can then drop back to the original level, re-emitting the light as fluorescence. When chlorophyll is extracted in solution, and a bright red or blue light is shown on it, the chlorophyll fluoresces brightly. However, when the chlorophyll is packaged inside chloroplasts and the red or blue light is turned on, there is no fluorescence. This most likely indicates that A. the red and blue light waves are reflected by the chlorophyll membrane. B. chlorophyll in solution is a different molecule than chlorophyll in a chloroplast. C. excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors in the chloroplast. D. fluorescence does not work in living cells. E. green light must be used to make living cells fluoresce.

question

B. The other five G3P molecules are used to regenerate more RuBP.

answer

If the Calvin cycle uses three molecules of CO2 to produce six molecules of G3P (glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate), but only one G3P molecule is used to form a carbohydrate molecule, what happens to the other carbons that were taken in? A. Any unused CO2 is released into the environment. B. The other five G3P molecules are used to regenerate more RuBP. C. Any unused G3P molecule is converted and stored as starch. D. The remaining five G3P molecules are used to reduce CO2.

question

E. All but the nutrient conversion is correct.

answer

An early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he "grew a tree in a large pot and found that after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded that the increase in weight was due to the addition of water." At that time, the compounds in the air had not yet been identified. Today, you know that he only discovered half the story. Which additional experiment would provide evidence for the rest of the story? A. A very careful audit of the water taken in and lost by the tree would have revealed only half the added weight gained by the tree. B. Carbon is discovered as a major element in trees and is lacking in water molecules. C. Radioactive carbon in CO2 in the air is soon located as part of tree structures. D. The critical experiment involves the conversion of nutrients in the soil. E. All but the nutrient conversion is correct.

question

True

answer

Fossil fuels are full of energy stored from photosynthesis millions of years ago. True False

question

False

answer

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. True False

question

False

answer

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the cell. True False

question

False

answer

Photorespiration is the process by which light is used to release the stored energy in carbohydrate molecules to perform all work in plant cells. True False

question

True

answer

Plants that conduct C-4 metabolism are desert plants. True False

question

True

answer

Phosphoenylpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) fixes carbon dioxide(C1) to PEP(C3) to form oxaloacetate(C4) within mesophyll cells of the C-4 plants. True False

question

the enzyme that helps ADP + P become ATP

answer

ATP synthase

question

the producers of the biosphere; ultimate producers of food comsumed by virtually all organisms

answer

autotroph

question

ability of certain membranes to use a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP formation

answer

chemiosmosis

question

green pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in algae and plant photosynthesis

answer

chlorophyll

question

membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place

answer

chloroplast

question

passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound electron carrier molecules from a high to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP

answer

electron transport chain

question

stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast

answer

granum

question

organism that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances and therefore must take in organic food

answer

heterotroph

question

the process by which plants use light energy to make food molecules from carbon dioxide and water

answer

photosynthesis

question

within the thylakoid membranes, there are chlorophyll molecules clumped together to form _______________ that act as antennas to capture light energy

answer

photosystems

question

small opening between two guard cells on the underside of leaf epidermis through which gases pass

answer

stoma

question

fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis

answer

stroma

question

flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur

answer

thylakoid

question

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye

answer

visible light

question

types of photosynthetic autotrophs

answer

plants, some protists, some bacteria

question

types of non photosynthetic autotrophs

answer

animals and fungus

question

in most plants, photosynthesis occurs primarily in the _________; in the _______________

answer

leaves; chloroplasts

question

a chloroplast contains _________, a fluid and _________, stacks of ____________`

answer

stroma; grana; thylakoids

question

center of the leaf

answer

mesophyll

question

convert light energy to chemical energy and produce O2

answer

the light dependent reactions

question

assembles sugar molecules from CO2 using the energy-carrying products of the light dependent reactions

answer

the calvin cycle

question

the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________, while the light dependent reactions take place in the ________________

answer

stroma; thylakoid membrane

question

the ______________ transfer energy along electron transport chains and into energy transfer molecules

answer

light dependent reactions

question

there are 2 photosystems because they get different ______________

answer

wavelengths of light

question

the hydrogen pump pumps hydrogens into the ________

answer

lumen

question

the ATPs from the light dependent reactions are used in the _______________

answer

Calvin cycle

question

__________ and ________ must be present for the light reactions to take place

answer

sunlight; water

question

light energy; goes to both Photosystem I and Photosystem II

answer

photons

question

the demand for electrons to replace those lost, splits a molecule of water by a process called __________-allowing oxygen to be released

answer

photolysis

question

the final electron acceptor for light-dependent reactions

answer

NADP+

question

photosystem I gets its electrons from

answer

photosystem II

question

photosystem II gets its electrons from

answer

the splitting of hydrogen

question

a concentration gradient causes the ions to move back across the membrane to the stroma through an ATP synthase complex producing ATP

answer

photophosphorylation

question

NADPH

answer

NADP+ + H+

question

as CO2 enters the Calvin cycle, an enzyme called _________ causes it to react with a 5 C sugar called __________ forming a 6 C sugar

answer

rubisco; RuBP

question

this 6 C sugar is not stable and immediately breaks apart forming 2, 3 C molecules of ___

answer

PGA

question

PGA gains energy through phosphorylation from ____, and takes energy and H from ________ to form ______, ( still has ____ carbons) which is used to form glucose

answer

ATP, NADPH, G3P, eighteen

question

only ____ of every six G3P's formed is used to make glucose as _____ must go back to regenerate more RuBP

answer

one, five

question

three cycles of the Calvin cycle forms _______ of a glucose

answer

1/2

question

the products of the light dependent reaction

answer

NADPH, ATP, oxygen

question

Energy, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy, Chemical Energy, and Mechanical Energy.

answer

Forms of Energy

question

Capacity to do work; cells continually use energy to develop, grow, repair, reproduce, etc.

answer

Energy

question

Energy of motion; all moving objects have kinetic energy.

answer

Kinetic Energy

question

Stored energy.

answer

Potential Energy

question

It contains potential energy (e.g., food).

answer

Chemical Energy

question

Converted from chemical energy (e.g., muscle movement).

answer

Mechanical Energy

question

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

answer

First Law of Thermodynamics

question

Energy cannot be changed from one form into another without a loss of usable energy (e.g., heat).

answer

Second Law of Thermodynamics

question

Term used to indicate the relative amount of disorganization in universe from energy transformation.

answer

Entropy

question

The sum of all the biochemical reactions in a cell.

answer

Metabolism

question

Reactants; Products.

answer

In the reaction A + B => C + D, A and B are the ________ and C and D are the ________.

question

Reactant; Product.

answer

A ________ is the substance that is converted into a ________ by the reaction; often many intermediate steps can occur.

question

The amount of energy that is free to do work after a chemical reaction.

answer

Free Energy ([]G)

question

Have a negative []G and energy is released.

answer

Exergonic Reactions

question

Have a positive []G; products have more energy than reactants; such reactions require an input of energy.

answer

Endergonic Reactions

question

The energy currency of cells; when cells need energy, they "spend" ATP.

answer

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

question

The energy released is sufficient for biological reactions with little wasted.

answer

When ATP is converted into ADP+P

question

The base adenine and the 5-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphate groups.

answer

ATP is compsed of

question

7.3 kcal.

answer

When one phosphate group is removed, about ________ of energy is released per mole.

question

Catalysys that speed up chemical reactions without the enzyme being affected by the reaction.

answer

Enzymes

question

Specific; One; One.

answer

Every enzyme is ________ in its action and catalyzes only _______ reaction or ________ type of reaction.

question

An orderly sequence of linked reactions; each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme.

answer

Metabolic Pathway

question

Metabolic energy.

answer

__________ _____________ is captured more easily if it is released in small increments.

question

A reactant for an enzymatic reaction.

answer

Substrate

question

A small region on the surface of the enzyme where substrate(s) bond.

answer

Active Site

question

Uses energy to combine carbon dioxide, water, and energy to produce glucose and oxygen.

answer

Photosynthesis

question

6 CO2 + 6 H20 => c6h12o6 + 6 O2 Sorry, can't make subscripts :(

answer

Photosynthesis Formula

question

Loss of electrons.

answer

Oxidation

question

Gain of electrons.

answer

Reduction

question

Oxidized; Reduced.

answer

When hydrogen atoms are transferred to carbon dioxide from water, water has been _________ and carbon dioxide has been _________.

question

Chloroplasts.

answer

___________ convert solar energy and convert it by way of an electron transport system into the chemical energy of ATP.

question

Nicotinamide adenine dinulcleotide phosphate (Probably unnessecary, but oh well).

answer

NADP+

question

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

answer

The overall equation for cellular respiration

question

Lost.

answer

When NAD removes hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-) during cellular respiration, the substrate has _____ electrons and is therefore oxidized.

question

Water; ATP.

answer

At the end of cellular respiration, glucose had been oxidized to carbon dioxide and ______ and ____ molecules have been produced.

question

Occuring in both photosynthesis and respiration, consists of membrane-bound carriers that pass electrons from one carrier to another.

answer

Electron Transport Chain

question

region of the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs

answer

active site

question

nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP

answer

ADP (adenosine diphsosphate)

question

nucleotide with three phosphate groups; the breakdown of ATP into ATP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells

answer

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

question

energy associated with the interaction of atoms in a molecule

answer

chemical energy

question

ability of certain membranes to use a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP formation

answer

chemiosmosis

question

nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound

answer

coenzyme

question

nonprotein adjunct required by an enzyme in order to function; many are metal ions, others are coenzymes

answer

cofactor

question

form of enzyme inhibition where the substrate and inhibitor are both able to bind to the enzyme's active site; each complexes with the enzyme; only when the substrate is at the active site will product form

answer

competitive inhibition

question

reactions that occur simultaneously; one is an exzergonic reaction that releases energy, and the other is an endergonic reaction that requires an input of energy in order to occur

answer

coupled reactions

question

loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that is no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature

answer

denatured

question

passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound electron carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP

answer

electron transport chain

question

products have more free energy than reactants

answer

endergonic reaction

question

capacity of do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms

answer

energy

question

energy that must be added in order for molecules to react with one another

answer

energy of activation

question

measure of disorder or randomness

answer

entropy

question

organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape

answer

enzyme

question

means by which cells regulate enzyme activity; may be competitive or noncompetitive inhibition

answer

enzyme inhibition

question

products have less free energy than reactants

answer

exergonic reaction

question

mechanism for regulating metabolic pathways in which the concentration of the product is kept within a certain range until binding at an allosteric site shuts down the pathway, and no more product is produced

answer

feedback inhibition

question

the amount of energy available to perform work

answer

free energy

question

type of kinetic energy; captured solar energy eventually dissipates as heat in the environment

answer

heat

question

change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s)

answer

induced fit model

question

energy that is actually doing work

answer

kinetic energy

question

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another

answer

law of conservation

question

a type of kinetic energy, such as walking or running

answer

mechanical energy

question

series of linked reactions, beginning with a particular reactant and terminating with an end product

answer

metabolic pathway

question

all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell during growth and repair

answer

metabolism

question

coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accpets electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH + H+ as oxidation of substrates occurs; during cellular respiration, it carrie electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria

answer

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

question

coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADPH + H+; during photosynthesis it participates in the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose

answer

NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

question

form of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site; while at this site, the enzyme shape changes, the inhibitor is unable to bind to its substrate, and no product forms

answer

noncompetitive inhibition

question

loss of one or more electrons from an atom of molecule; in biological systems, generally the loss of hydrogen atoms

answer

oxidation

question

in metabolic processes, a way to activate an enzyme in which the enzyme either attaches an inorganic phosphate to a molecule or mediates the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another

answer

phosphorylation

question

stored energy

answer

potential energy

question

substance that forms as a result of a reaciton

answer

product

question

substance that participates in a reaction

answer

reactant

question

gain of electrons by an atom or molecule with a concurrent storage of energy; in biological systems, the electrons are accompanied by hydrogen ions

answer

reduction

question

reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme

answer

substrate

question

essential requirement in the diet, needed in small amounts; often part of enzymes

answer

vitamin

question

energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

answer

Second law of thermodynamics

question

sites where chemical reactions can occur in an orderly matter

answer

membrane

question

high energy compound used to drive metabolic reactions

answer

Adenosine triphosphate

question

ATP is constantly being generated from

answer

Adenosine diphosphate

question

adenosine

answer

Adenosine + ribose =

question

three

answer

in ADP, how many phosphate groups are there?

question

hydrolysis

answer

During a coupled reaction, the bond joining a phosphate group is broken by

question

respiration

answer

in the ATP cycle, the energy from exergonic reactions can be summed up by

question

cellular work

answer

in the ATP cycle, the energy for endergonic reactions goes to do

question

energy needed to synthesize macromolecules

answer

chemical work

question

energy needed to pump substances across plasma membrane

answer

transport work

question

energy needed to contract molecules, beat flagella, etc

answer

mechanical work

question

enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by

answer

lowering energy barriers

question

enzyme complexes with a single substrate molecule; substrate is broken apart into two perfect molecules

answer

degradation

question

enzyme complexes with two substrate molecules; substrates are joined together and released as single product molecule

answer

synthesis

question

in a hydrolysis type of reaction there are

answer

1 substrate and 2 products

question

in a dehydration type of reaction there are

answer

2 substrates and 1 product

question

enzyme activity increases with this; more collision between substrate molecules and the enzyme

answer

substrate concentration

question

enzyme activity increases with this; too much can destroy them

answer

temperature

question

most enzymes are optimized for a particular type of this

answer

pH

question

when a substance known as an inhibitor binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

answer

reversible enzyme inhibition

question

takes the place of a substrate in the active site

answer

competitive inhibitor

question

alters an enzyme's function by changing its shape

answer

noncompetitive inhibitor

question

materials irreversibly inhibit an enzyme (known as poisons)

answer

irreversible inhibition

question

inhibit enzymes resulting in all ATP production

answer

cyanides

question

irreversibly bind with many enzymes

answer

heavy metals

question

irreversibly inhibits enzymes required by nervous system

answer

nerve gas

question

too toxic to insects because they inhibit key enzymes in the nervous system

answer

certain pesticides

question

inhibit enzymes that are essential to the survival of disease-causing bacteria

answer

many antibodies

question

inhibits an enzyme that bacteria use in making cell walls

answer

penicillin

question

B. glycolysis

answer

Which of these processes occurs in the cytosol? A. the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. the electron transport system D. the preparatory reaction

question

D. 36

answer

Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose results in ______ ATP molecules. A. 2 B. 4 C. 32 D. 36 E. 39

question

C. pyruvates into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide.

answer

The prepartory reaction breaks A. glucose into pyruvates. B. pyruvates into glucose. C. pyruvates into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide. D. pyruvates into acetyl-CoA and water. E. acetyl CoA into pyruvates and carbon dioxide.

question

D. acetyl-CoA to a C4 molecule.

answer

The first reaction in the citric acid cycle is binding A. carbon dioxide to a four-carbon (C4) molecule. B. carbon dioxide to a five-carbon (C5) molecule. C. acetyl-CoA to a C5 molecule. D. acetyl-CoA to a C4 molecule.

question

D. 39%

answer

Aerobic cellular respiration yields about ____ of the energy of glucose in ATP molecules. A. 2% B. 15% C. 28% D. 39%

question

B. glycolysis.

answer

The first phase of aerobically cellular respiration is: A. the citric acid cycle. B. glycolysis. C. the electron transport system. D. fermentation. E. the preparatory reaction.

question

A. the citric acid cycle

answer

Which process produces both NADH and FADH2? A. the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. the electron transport system D. fermentation E. the preparatory reaction

question

D. fermentation

answer

Which process produces alcohol or lactate? A. the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. the electron transport system D. fermentation E. the preparatory reaction

question

C. the electron transport system

answer

Which process reduces molecular oxygen to water? A. the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. the electron transport system D. fermentation E. the preparatory reaction

question

B. pyruvate

answer

This product of glycolysis, _______, is degraded in the final stages of aerobic pathways. A. acetyl - CoA B. pyruvate C. water D. lactic acid E. oxaloacetate

question

A. inside the mitochondria matrix and leave through a channel protein.

answer

In aerobic cellular respiration, the largest number of ATPs are produced A. inside the mitochondria matrix and leave through a channel protein. B. inside the mitochondria matrix and diffuse out through the membrane. C. embedded in the cristae membranes and diffuse both directions. D. outside the mitochondria and diffuse in through the membrane. E. outside the mitochondria and enter through a channel protein.

question

B. 3; 2

answer

The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis produces ______ ATP from each NADH and/or _________ ATP from each FADH2 entering the system. A. 4; 2 B. 3; 2 C. 2: 4 D. 2; 3

question

B. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP.

answer

One turn of the citric acid cycle produces A. 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP. B. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP. C. 1 NADH, 3 FADH2, 2 ATP. D. 3 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 ATP. E. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 ATP.

question

A. pyruvate and a coenzyme.

answer

Acetyl-CoA is produced from A. pyruvate and a coenzyme. B. citric acid and a coenzyme. C. ATP and pyruvate. D. CO2 and pyruvate. E. citric acid and CO2.

question

D. the citric acid cycle.

answer

The carbon dioxide we exhale is produced in A. glycolysis. B. the electron transport system. C. lactate fermentation. D. the citric acid cycle.

question

True

answer

Glycolyis occurs before fermentation. True False

question

True

answer

Glycolysis occurs before the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle. True False

question

False

answer

Glycolysis is an aerobic process. True False

question

False

answer

Glycolysis produces 1 pyruvate and 3 NADH coenzymes. True False

question

True

answer

Glycolysis is a catabolic process. True False

question

B. can drive anabolism.

answer

Degradative reactions A. cause death. B. can drive anabolism. C. tend to be endergonic. D. include the buildup of products such as complex proteins and nucleic acids. E. All of the choices are true.

question

D. converted to acetyl groups.

answer

For fatty acids to enter the citric acid cycle of aerobic respiration, the fatty acids must be: A. deaminated. B. combined with glycerol. C. combined with ATP. D. converted to acetyl groups. E. converted into five-carbon sugars.

question

C. nine; twenty

answer

Adult humans cannot synthesize _____ out of the _____ common amino acids. A. eleven; twenty B. nine; eleven C. nine; twenty D. any; twenty E. half; all

question

D. essential; must include them in our diet.

answer

The amino acids we cannot synthesize are called _____ because we ____. A. unnecessary; therefore do not need them B. limiting; must include them in our diet C. anabolic; must use alternative amino acids D. essential; must include them in our diet. E. superfluous; must survive without them.

question

B. ATP synthase

answer

The membrane protein (enzyme) that transforms ADP + P ATP as H+ flows down a gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix is: A. the sodium-potassiuim pump B. ATP synthase C. cholesterol D. NADH-Q reductase

question

C. cristae

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5543187155/ Identify 'a' as the _____ A. inner membrane B. matrix C. cristae D. intermembrane space E. outer membrane

question

B. matrix

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5543187155/ Identify 'b' as the _____ A. inner membrane B. matrix C. cristae D. intermembrane space E. outer membrane

question

E. outer membrane

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5543187155/ Identify 'c' as the _____ A. inner membrane B. matrix C. cristae D. intermembrane space E. outer membrane

question

D. intermembrane space

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5543187155/ Identify 'd' as the _____ A. inner membrane B. matrix C. cristae D. intermembrane space E. outer membrane

question

A. inner membrane

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5543187155/ Identify 'e' as the _____ A. inner membrane B. matrix C. cristae D. intermembrane space E. outer membrane

question

D. All of the choices are advantages.

answer

Why would an organism utilize alcohol fermentation if it is wasteful of the energy in food molecules and poses a threat of death due to high levels of toxic alcohol? A. The organism can survive short spells of anaerobic conditions and maintain growth and reproduction. B. If glucose levels are not high, there may be time to disperse the alcohol "waste." C. Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP since it does not have to go through the full breakdown cycle D. All of the choices are advantages. E. None of the choices is an advantage; anaerobes only survive where aerobes cannot.

question

C. A is Pyruvate; B is Citric acid cycle; C is Electron transport chain

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5543187249/ Substrates that reoccur in several metabolic pathways form the metabolic pool. Study the figure to place the items in proper order. A. A is Electron transport chain; B is Pyruvate; C is Citric acid cycle B. A is Citric acid cycle; B is Electron transport chain; C is Pyruvate C. A is Pyruvate; B is Citric acid cycle; C is Electron transport chain

question

D. A is amino acids; B is glucose; C is glycerol; D is fatty acids

answer

http://www.flickr.com/photos/60296733@N06/5543187337/ Substrates that reoccur in several metabolic pathways form the metabolic pool. Study the figure to match the substrates with the corresponding pathway. A. A is glycerol; B is amino acids; C is glucose; D is fatty acids B. A is glucose; B is fatty acids; C is glycerol; D is amino acids C. A is amino acids; B is fatty acids; C is glucose; D is glycerol D. A is amino acids; B is glucose; C is glycerol; D is fatty acids

question

D. oxidation of metabolites molecules and the corresponding reduction of coenzymes

answer

The most important contribution of the citric acid cycle to cellular respiration is: A. production of large quantities of ATP. B. creation of proton gradients C. reduction of glucose and corresponding oxidation of carbon dioxide D. oxidation of metabolites molecules and the corresponding reduction of coenzymes E. release of CO2

question

B. use significant amounts of oxygen.

answer

Compared with other cell components (organelles, cell membrane or nucleus), the mitochondria would be the only one that would A. form an electrochemical gradient across a membrane. B. use significant amounts of oxygen. C. use a chemiosmotic complex to produce ATP. D. produce ATP via glycolysis. E. release protons (H+).

question

A. Use oxygen since aerobic metabolism provides more ATP per molecule of carbohydrate broken down than anaerobic metabolism.

answer

Some bacteria are strict aerobes and others are strict anaerobes. Some bacteria, however, are facultative anaerobes and can live with or without oxygen. If given the choice of using oxygen or not, which should a facultative anaerobe perform? A. Use oxygen since aerobic metabolism provides more ATP per molecule of carbohydrate broken down than anaerobic metabolism. B. Not use oxygen since it is a facultative anaerobe, it doesn't tolerate oxygen well. C. Use oxygen because aerobic metabolism is easier. D. It doesn't matter; both process will produce the same results.

question

A. glycolysis—preparatory reaction--cirtric acid cycle--electron transport system

answer

The correct sequence for aerobic metabolic breakdown of glucose is A. glycolysis—preparatory reaction--cirtric acid cycle--electron transport system B. preparatory reaction--glycolysis---electron transport--citric acid cycle C. electron transport system--citric acid cycle---prep aratory reaction--glycolysis D. None of the choices are correct.

question

C. is formed as a result of the reduction of oxygen as the final electron acceptor from the electron transport chain.

answer

Some desert beetles can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. They survive on "metabolic water," which A. was produced as water in the organisms they eat and is retained, never to pass out of the cell membrane. B. is absorbed from the air along with respiratory oxygen. C. is formed as a result of the reduction of oxygen as the final electron acceptor from the electron transport chain. D. is a breakdown product from glycolysis in the cytoplasm. E. is an original storehouse of water that is never allowed to pass out the cell membrane.

question

False

answer

The final electron acceptor in glycolysis is oxygen. True False

question

True

answer

Fermentation follows glycolysis in some cells when oxygen is not available. True False

question

False

answer

Each molecule of NADH produced in the mitochondria provides the energy for two ATP molecules. True False

question

True

answer

The breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction. True False

question

True

answer

Fermentation is the process that produces bubbles of carbon dioxide that makes bread dough rise. True False

question

True

answer

Photosynthesis is the most abundant form of anabolic metabolism in life. True False

question

the consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by cells

answer

cellular respiration

question

the requirement of oxygen in cell processes

answer

aerobic

question

cell process not requiring the utilization of oxygen

answer

anaerobic

question

cell process that releases energy

answer

exergonic reaction

question

cell process that takes in energy

answer

endergonic reaction

question

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

answer

equation of cellular respiration

question

the molecule that loses oxygen

answer

oxidation

question

the molecule that gains electrons

answer

reduction

question

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion to make NADH and H+

answer

NAD+

question

enzyme that both gains and gives up electrons [such as NAD+]

answer

redox coenzyme

question

flavin adenine dinucleotide, along with NAD+, high-energy electron acceptor carried to the electron transport chain

answer

FAD

question

glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

answer

4 phases of cell respiration

question

the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm into two pyruvate molecules

answer

glycolysis

question

pyruvate enters a mitochondrion and is oxidized to a two-carbon acetyl group causing the removal of CO2

answer

preparatory reaction

question

also known as Krebs Cycle, production of NADH, FADH2, and ATP by two acetyl-CoA molecules entering the cycle per glucose molecule, giving off CO2

answer

citric acid cycle

question

series of carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accept electrons from glucose; electrons are passed from carrier to carrier until received by oxygen; passes electrons from higher to lower energy states, allowing energy to be released and stored for ATP production

answer

electron transport chain

question

the activation of glucose with two ATP; the glucose splits into two C3 molecules known as G3P, each of which carries a phosphate group

answer

energy-investment steps of glycolysis

question

oxidation of G3P occurs by removal of electrons and hydrogen ions; two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by NAD+, resulting in two NADH; later, when the NADH molecules pass two electrons to the electron transport chain, they become NAD+ again; the process is completed through substrate-level phosphorylation

answer

energy-harvesting steps of glycolysis

question

the oxidation of G3P and subsequent substrates results in four high-energy phosphate groups, which are used to synthesize four ATP molecules

answer

substrate-level phosphorylation

question

an anaerobic process, glycolysis plus reduction of pyruvate to either lactate or alcohol and CO2

answer

fermentation

question

the requirement of oxygen to restore ATP levels and rid the body of lactate

answer

oxygen debt

question

double membrane bounded organelle with an intermembrane space, the main site of cellular respiration

answer

mitochondrion

question

the inner folds of membrane that jut into the matrix

answer

cristae

question

the innermost compartment of a mitochondrion that is filled with a gel like fluid

answer

matrix

question

compound created by pyruvate converting to a two carbon acetyl group, and being attached to coenzyme A during preparatory reaction

answer

acetyl-CoA

question

protein carriers, formed by complex carbon rings with a heme group in the center

answer

cytochrome molecules

question

channel proteins that serve as enzymes for ATP synthesis

answer

ATP synthase complexes

question

the term used for ATP production tied to an electrochemical gradient across a membrane

answer

chemiosmosis

question

entry points for degeneration or synthesis of larger molecules

answer

metabolic pool

question

degradative reactions that break down molecules

answer

catabolism

question

synthetic reactions that build molecules

answer

anabolism

question

the process through which enzymes strip amino groups off biomolecules

answer

deamination

question

11 are produced by cellular respiration 9 are provided by the organism's diet

answer

20 essential amino acids

question

the consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by cells

answer

cellular respiration

question

the requirement of oxygen in cell processes

answer

aerobic

question

cell process not requiring the utilization of oxygen

answer

anaerobic

question

cell process that releases energy

answer

exergonic reaction

question

cell process that takes in energy

answer

endergonic reaction

question

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

answer

equation of cellular respiration

question

the molecule that loses oxygen

answer

oxidation

question

the molecule that gains electrons

answer

reduction

question

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion to make NADH and H+

answer

NAD+

question

enzyme that both gains and gives up electrons [such as NAD+]

answer

redox coenzyme

question

flavin adenine dinucleotide, along with NAD+, high-energy electron acceptor carried to the electron transport chain

answer

FAD

question

glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

answer

4 phases of cell respiration

question

the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm into two pyruvate molecules

answer

glycolysis

question

pyruvate enters a mitochondrion and is oxidized to a two-carbon acetyl group causing the removal of CO2

answer

preparatory reaction

question

also known as Krebs Cycle, production of NADH, FADH2, and ATP by two acetyl-CoA molecules entering the cycle per glucose molecule, giving off CO2

answer

citric acid cycle

question

series of carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accept electrons from glucose; electrons are passed from carrier to carrier until received by oxygen; passes electrons from higher to lower energy states, allowing energy to be released and stored for ATP production

answer

electron transport chain

question

the activation of glucose with two ATP; the glucose splits into two C3 molecules known as G3P, each of which carries a phosphate group

answer

energy-investment steps of glycolysis

question

oxidation of G3P occurs by removal of electrons and hydrogen ions; two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by NAD+, resulting in two NADH; later, when the NADH molecules pass two electrons to the electron transport chain, they become NAD+ again; the process is completed through substrate-level phosphorylation

answer

energy-harvesting steps of glycolysis

question

the oxidation of G3P and subsequent substrates results in four high-energy phosphate groups, which are used to synthesize four ATP molecules

answer

substrate-level phosphorylation

question

an anaerobic process, glycolysis plus reduction of pyruvate to either lactate or alcohol and CO2

answer

fermentation

question

the requirement of oxygen to restore ATP levels and rid the body of lactate

answer

oxygen debt

question

double membrane bounded organelle with an intermembrane space, the main site of cellular respiration

answer

mitochondrion

question

the inner folds of membrane that jut into the matrix

answer

cristae

question

the innermost compartment of a mitochondrion that is filled with a gel like fluid

answer

matrix

question

compound created by pyruvate converting to a two carbon acetyl group, and being attached to coenzyme A during preparatory reaction

answer

acetyl-CoA

question

protein carriers, formed by complex carbon rings with a heme group in the center

answer

cytochrome molecules

question

channel proteins that serve as enzymes for ATP synthesis

answer

ATP synthase complexes

question

the term used for ATP production tied to an electrochemical gradient across a membrane

answer

chemiosmosis

question

entry points for degeneration or synthesis of larger molecules

answer

metabolic pool

question

degradative reactions that break down molecules

answer

catabolism

question

synthetic reactions that build molecules

answer

anabolism

question

the process through which enzymes strip amino groups off biomolecules

answer

deamination

question

11 are produced by cellular respiration 9 are provided by the organism's diet

answer

20 essential amino acids

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