Exam 1 Vocab, Chem 101, BHC – Flashcards

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Matter
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Anything that possesses mass & occupies volume
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Composition
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The types & amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter
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Properties
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Characteristics that give a substance its unique identity
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Physical Property
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A characteristic shown by a substance itself, without interacting with or changing into other substances
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Physical Change
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A change in which the physical form (or state) of a substance, but not its composition, is altered
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Chemical Property
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A characteristic of a substance that appears as it interacts with, or transforms into other substances
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States of Matter
-Solid-
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-Fixed shape

-Does not conform to container
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States of Matter
-Liquid-
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-Fills a container to the extent of its own volume, thus forming a surface
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States of Matter
-Gas-
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-Fills its container regardless of the shape because its particles are far apart
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Chemical Change
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A change in which one or more substances are converted into one or more substances with different composition & properties
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Energy
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The capacity to do work, that is, to move matter
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy an object has because it is in motion
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Potential Energy
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Energy an object has because of its position in relation to other objects or because of its composition
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Observation
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A fact obtained with the senses, often with the aid of instruments. Quantitative observations provide data that can be compared.
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Data
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Pieces of quantitative information obtained by observation
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Natural Law
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A summary, often in mathematical form, of a universal observation
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Hypothesis
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A testable proposal made to explain an observation. If inconsistent with experimental results, a hypothesis is revised or discarded
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Experiment
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A set of procedural steps that tests a hypothesis
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Theory (Model)
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A simplified conceptual picture based on experiment that explains how a natural phenomenon occurs
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Element
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The simplest type of substance with unique physical & chemical properties. An element consists of only one kind of atom, so it cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
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Substance
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A type of matter, either an element or a compound, that has a fixed composition
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Molecule
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A structure consisting of two or more atoms that are bound chemically & behave as an independent unit
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Compound
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A substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions
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Mixture
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A group of two or more elements &/or compounds that are physically intermingled
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Atom
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The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical nature of the element.

A neutral, spherical entity composed of a positively charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons
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Proton
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A subatomic particle found in the nucleus that has a unit positive charge
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Neutron
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An uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a mass slightly greater than that of a proton
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Electron
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A subatomic particle that possesses a unit negative charge & occupies the space around the atomic nucleus
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Mass Number (A)
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The total number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Atomic Mass
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The average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element weighted according to their abundances
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Periods
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Horizontal rows on the periodic table
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Groups
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Vertical columns in the periodic table

Elements in a group usually have the same outer electron configuration and, thus, similar chemical behavior
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Transition Element
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An element that occupies the d block of the periodic table.

One whose d orbitals are being filled
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Metal
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A substance or mixture that is relatively shiny & malleable & is a good conductor of heat & electricity.

In reactions, metals tend to transfer electrons to nonmetals & form ionic compounds.
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Nonmetals
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An element that lacks metallic properties.

In reactions, nonmetals tend to share electrons with each other to form covalent compounds or accept electrons from metals to form ionic compounds
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Metalloid
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An element with properties between those of metals and nonmetals
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Alkali Metal
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An element with some properties that are unique for metals: unusually soft & can be easily cut with a knife, lower melting & boiling points than any other group of metals, & lower densities than most metals. Highly reactive

Group 1A(1) [Except Hydrogen]
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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An element whose oxides give basic (alkaline) solutions & melt at such high temperatures that they remained as solids ("earths") in alchemist's fires. Soft & lightweight, but stronger metallic bonding & smaller atomic sizes make them harder & denser than the alkali metals. Highly reactive

Group 2A(2)
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Halogens
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Highly reactive nonmetals

Group 7A(17)
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Noble Gases
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Relatively unreactive nonmetals

Group 8A(18)
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Oxygen Family
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Group 6A(16)

Other main groups [3A(13) to 6A(16)] are often named after the first element in the group.
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Ionic compounds
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Combination of elements formed by transferring electrons from one element to another
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Covalent Compounds
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Combination of elements formed by sharing electrons between atoms of different elements
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Binary Ionic Compound
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The simplest type of ionic compound, composed of two elements, that typically forms when a metal reacts with a nonmetal.

Metal atom loses one or more electrons (cation +) and nonmetal atom gains one or more electrons (anion -)
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Cation
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A positively charged ion
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Anion
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A negatively charged ion
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Monatomic ion
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A cation or anion derived from a single atom
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Covalent Bond
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A pair of electrons mutually attracted by the two nuclei
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Polyatomic Ion
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Consist of two or more atoms bonded covalently and have a net positive or negative charge
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Law of Mass Conservation
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A mass law stating that the total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction
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Law of Definite Composition
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A mass law stating that, no matter what its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts (fractions) by mass
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Law of Multiple Proportions
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A mass law stating that if elements A and B react to form two or more compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers
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Isotopes
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Atoms of a give atomic number (that is, of a specific element) that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers.
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Isotopic Mass
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The mass (in amu) of an isotope relative to the mass of carbon-12
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Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
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A mass exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Also called dalton, Da
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