Exam III – Chemistry – Flashcards
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acids |
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__ produce H+ ions in solutions |
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bases |
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__ produce OH- ions in solutions |
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acids (called amino acids) |
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the building blocks of proteins are __ |
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bases |
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the molecules that carry the genetic code in DNA are __ |
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sour taste, the ability to dissolve many metals, the ability to turn blue litmus paper red, the ability to neutralize bases |
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what are the general properties of acids? |
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hydrochloric acid |
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you can find __ in most chemistry laboratories, it is used to clean metals, to prepare and process some foods, and to refine metal ores. it is also the main component of stomach acid |
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HCl acid |
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hydrochloric acid = |
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H2SO4 acid |
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sulfuric acid = |
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HNO3 acid |
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nitric acid = |
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HC2H3O2 OR CH3COOH acid |
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Acetic acid = |
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H3C6H5O7 acid |
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Citric acid = |
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H2CO3 acid |
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Carbonic acid = |
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HF acid |
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Hydrofluoric acid = |
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H3PO4 acid |
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Phosphoric acid = |
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) |
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__ = metal cleaning, food preparation; ore refining; primary component of stomach acid |
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sulfuric acid (H2SO4) |
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__ = fertilizer and explosives manufacturing; dye and glue production; automobile batteries; electroplating of copper |
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nitric acid (HNO3) |
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__ = fertilizer and explosives manufacturing; dye and glue production |
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acetic acid (HC2H3O2 OR CH3COOH) |
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__ = plastic and rubber manufacturing; food preservative; active component of vinegar |
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citric acid (H3C6H5O7) |
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__ = present in citrus fruits such as lemons and limes; used to adjust pH in foods and beverages |
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carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
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__ = found in carbonated beverages due to the reaction of carbon dioxide with water |
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hydrofluoric acid (HF) |
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__ = metal cleaning; glass frosting and etching |
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phosphoric acid (H3PO4) |
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__ = fertilizer manufacture; biological buffering; preservative in beverages |
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sulfuric acid (H2SO4) |
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__ is produced in larger quantities than any other chemical |
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acetic acid (HC2H3O2) |
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__ is produced in improperly stored wines |
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carboxylic acid |
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acetic acid is a __ |
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carboxylic acid |
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__ is an acid that contains H single bonded to O, which is single bonded to C, which is double bonded to O, and single bonded to something else (H-O-C=O, H-O-C-?) |
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living organisms |
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carboxylic acids are often found in substances derived from __ |
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carboxylic |
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citric acid and malic acid are examples of __ acids |
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H2C4H4O5 |
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malic acid = |
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malic acid |
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__ is found in apples, grapes, and wine |
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a bitter taste, a slippery feel, the ability to turn red litmus paper blue, the ability to neutralize acids |
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what are the general properties of bases |
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NaOH base |
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Sodium hydroxide = |
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KOH base |
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potassium hydroxide = |
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NaHCO3 base |
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Sodium bicarbonate = |
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Na2CO3 base |
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sodium carbonate = |
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NH3 base |
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ammonia = |
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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) base |
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__ = petroleum processing; soap and plastic manufacturing |
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potassium hydroxide(KOH) base |
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__ = cotton processing; electroplating; soap production; batteries |
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sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) base |
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__ = antacid; ingredient of baking soda; source of CO2 |
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Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) base |
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__ = manufacture of glass and soap; general cleanser; water softener |
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ammonia (NH3) base |
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__ = detergent; fertilizer and explosives manufacturing; synthetic fiber production |
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less this is because of their bitterness |
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bases are __ common in foods than are acids |
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alkaloids |
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our aversion to the taste of bases is probably an evolutionary adaptation to warn us against __ |
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alkaloids |
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__ = organic bases found in plants that are often poisonous |
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base (*coffee is acidic overall, but bases present in coffee - such as caffeine - impart a bitter flavor) |
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some foods, such as coffee and chocolate contain small amounts of __ |
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oils on the skin soap-like substances |
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bases feel slippery because they react with __ to form __ |
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litmus paper |
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in the lab __ is routinely used to test the basicity of solutions |
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arrhenius definition for an acid |
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a substance that produces H+ ions in aqueous solutions |
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arrhenius definition of a base |
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a substance that produces OH- ions in aqueous solution |
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highly |
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H+ ions are __ reactive |
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water molecule |
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in aqueous solution, an H+ ion binds to a __ |
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hydronium ion |
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the H3O+ ion is called the __ |
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hydronium ions (H3O+) H(H2O)_n^+ |
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in water H+ ions always associate with H20 to form __ and other associated species with the general formula __ |
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dissociates |
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__ = breaks apart into its component ions |
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water, neutralizing each other in the process |
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under the arrhenius definition, acids and bases naturally combine to form __ |
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bronsted-lowry definition |
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focuses on the transfer of H+ ions in an acid-base reaction. it focuses on the idea of a proton donor and a proton acceptor |
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bronsted-lowry definition of an acid |
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proton (H+ ion) donor |
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bronsted-lowry definition of a base |
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proton (H+ ion) acceptor |
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H3O+ (a hydronium ion) |
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the bronsted-lowry definition clearly describes what happens to the H+ ion from an acid - it associates with a water molecule to form __ |
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produce OH- ions |
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the bronsted-lowry definition also works well with bases (such as NH3) that do not inherently contain OH- ions but still __ in solution |
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together |
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in the bronsted-lowry definitions, acids (proton donors) and bases (proton accpetors) always occur __ |
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acids bases |
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according to the bronsted-lowry definition, some substances can act as __ or __ |
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amphoteric |
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substances that can act as acids or bases are __ |
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conjugate acid-base pair |
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NH4+ and NH3 are often reffered to as a __ |
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conjugate acid-base pair |
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two substances related to each other by the transfer of a proton |
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conjugate acid |
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any base to which a proton has been added |
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conjugate base |
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any acid from which a proton has been removed |
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accepts |
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a base __ a proton and becomes a conjugate acid |
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donates |
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an acid __ a proton and becomes a conjugate base |
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electrolyte |
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the strength of an __ is determined by the extent of its dissociation into its component ions in solution |
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strong electrolyte |
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a __ completely dissociates into ions in solution |
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weak electrolyte |
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a __ only partially dissociates into ions in solution |
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strong acid |
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a __ completely ionizes in solutions |
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weak acid |
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a __ only partially ionizes in solution |
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equilibrium |
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the strength of an acid depends on the __ |
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strong - it completely ionizes |
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if the equilibrium lies far to the right, the acid is __ |
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weak - only a small percentage of the acid molecules ionize |
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if the equilibrium lies to the left, the acid is __ |
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continuous |
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the range of acid strength is __ |
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pg 665 |
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