Exambusters Chemistry Study Cards 7 – Flashcards

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question
Compare ionic radii: Cl, S, P What is the reason for their different sizes?
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Cl1- is smallest; P3- is largest The P atom gained the most e- and has the most shells.
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Compare ionic radii: Na, Mg, Al What is the reason for their different sizes?
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Na1+ is largest Al3+ is smallest The Al atom lost the most e- and has the fewest shells.
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Describe the change in nonmetallic activity across the periodic table.
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Non-metallic activity increases across the table left to right and decreases down the columns.
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Describe the change in electronegativity across the periodic table.
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Electronegativity tends to increase across the table left to right, and decrease down the columns.
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Describe the change in metallic activity across the periodic table.
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Metallic activity decreases across the table left to right and increases down the columns.
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Electronegativity
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The ability of an atom to attract the e- in a covalent bond to itself. Values range from 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F)
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Describe the change in ionization energy across the periodic table
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Ionization energy tends to increase from left to right across the table and decrease down the columns.
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Ionization energy
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The energy change required for the removal of the outermost electron from a gaseous atom to form a 1+ ion.
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List basic facts: Chromium
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bluish-white, brittle transition metal, hard, corrosion-resistant

chief ore: chromite

uses: chromium plating, paint pigment

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List basic facts: Nickel
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Hard, white metal which resists tarnish; ferromagnetic, the magnetic alloy is called alnico.

uses: coins; catalyst for hydrogenation of fats

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List basic facts: Copper
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principal ores: chalcocite, cuprite chalcopyrite soft, red-brown, ductile, malleable

uses: wires, brass, bronze

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List basic facts: Zinc
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principal ores: sphalerite, smithsonite, zincite

uses: galvanized iron, dry cells, electrical connectors, die casting

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List basic facts: mercury
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The only liquid metal at room temperature.

uses: thermometers, Hg vapor lamps

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List basic facts: Oxygen
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Most abundant element of earth (20% or air, 89% or H2O). Obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air or electrolysis of water. Reactive at high temperatures.
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List basic facts: Nitrogen
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Major component of air (78%). Obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air. Inert and stable. compounds: NH3, NHO3, NO
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List basic facts: Chlorine
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kills bacteria in H2O. component of gastric juice in stomach (HCl) table salt (NaCl) produced by electrolysis of seawater
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List basic facts: Fluorine
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Elemental gas is poisonous. Component of freon (refrigerator gas), plastics, toothpaste, insecticides.
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List basic facts: Iodine
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Obtained from nitrate and seawater deposits. Used in the drug industry (iodine solution, iodoform) and in table salt.
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List basic facts: Bromine
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Liquid at room temperature. Prepared from seawater. Used in the petroleum, drug and photographic industries.
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List basic facts: Phosphorus
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two allotropes: white and red

can combine with oxygen and hydrogen

used in: matches, rat poison, grenades

compounds: H3PO4, phosphates

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List basic facts: Sulfur
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Not active at room temperature.

Large amounts occur in nature.

Occurs in 3 allotropic forms.

Compounds: H2SO4, SO2, sulfa drugs, gunpowder, matches

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List basic facts: Silicon
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second to oxygen in abundance (25% of earth's crust) found in silicate rocks, clay, mica, SiO2, quartz, sand

hard and brittle; SiO2 forms glass

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List basic facts: Carbon
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allotropic: e.g. diamond, graphite backbone of molecules in plants and animals.

compounds: fats, sugars, gasoline

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List basic facts: Ammonium ion
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The ammonium ion (NH41+) behaves chemically like an alkali metal.

Uses: fertilizers, baking powder, soldering flux, explosives

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List basic facts: Magnesium
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abundant (2% of the earth's crust) found in seawater, salt beds and silicates

uses: structural metal, flashbulbs, milk of magnesia

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List basic facts: Tin
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soft, white low-melting metal uses: tinplate to protect steal and in alloys
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List basic facts: Lead
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Soft, non-elastic, low-melting, blue-white metal. Becomes dark grey in air. uses: piping, telephone cables, alloys
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List basic facts: Silver
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Found uncombined or as Ag2S; bright, lustrous, soft, malleable.

uses: silver plating, jewelry, photographic film and paper

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List basic facts: Gold
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Found uncombined as nuggets or grains.

Uses: coins, jewelry, alloys

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List basic facts: Platinum Metals
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Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt Inert, occurs free in nature, rare and expensive Uses of Platinum: dentistry, jewelry, industrial catalyst
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List basic facts: Calcium
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abundant 3% of Earth's crust) found in limestone, marble, chalk, and seashells Uses: essential to bones and teeth, concrete, mortar
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List basic facts: Aluminum
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most abundant metal (7% of earth's crust) found in mica, feldspar bauxite (principal ore) uses: structure (wheels, building) foil, paint, electric wires
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List basic facts: Iron
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abundant (5% of Earth's crust) principal ores: hematite, pyrite, magnetite separated from ore in a blast furnace uses: structural, magnetic, dyes
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Ionic Hydride
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Hydrogen combines with active metals to form ionic compounds where the valence of hydrogen is 1- (NaH), CaH2, LiH)
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Combustion
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A reaction where O2 combines with another substance so rapidly that heat and light are released.
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Write the equation for the combustion of methane.
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CH4 + 2O2;; CO2 + 2H2O
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Nitrogen fixation
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The process of inducing nitrogen to combine chemically with other elements. e.g. 3Mg + N2;; Mg3N2
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Haber process
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The fixation of nitrogen to hydrogen, in the presence of metal catalyst, at high temperature and pressure, to form ammonia. N2 +3H2;; 2NH3
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Deionization
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A process to separate water from its solutes. Water flows through resins which absorb the ions.
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Distillation
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A process used to separate a mixture based on different boiling points of the components. Components are separately vaporized then condensed.
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Malleable
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A physical property of metals; can be easily made into sheets e.g. aluminum foil
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Ductile
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A physical property of metals; can be drawn into a wire. e.g. copper electrical wires
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Halogens
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A family (Group VIIA) of elements with seven electrons in their outer shell. They are abundant and chemically active. F, Cl, Br, I, At
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Noble Metals
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The few metals which occur uncombined in nature: gold, silver, platinum, copper
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Metalloid
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An element with the properties of both metals and non-metals. e.g. Si, AS, Ge, Sb, Te
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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a family of metals which form 2+ cations chemically active their oxides form mildly basic solutions e.g. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba
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Describe the change in Atomic Radius across the periodic table
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The atomic radius tends to decrease from left to right across the table and increase down the columns.
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Lanthanide and Actinide Series
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Transition elements #57-71 and #90-103 which have partially filled f orbitals. Only the first four elements occur naturally
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