Intro Chem basic vocab terms – Flashcards
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| 115 92 |
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| 115 known elements 92 are naturally occuring |
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| Periodic Table- vertical columns are called __________? Horizontal are called ________? |
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| Vertical are groups or families Horizontal are called periods or series |
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| What are Group A elements? |
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| Main group or representative elements. |
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| GIA GIIA GVIA GVIIA GVIIIA |
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| Alkali metals alkaline earth metals chalcogens halogens noble or inert gases |
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| Elements can be classified as: _________, ____________, __________ |
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| metals, non metals and metalloids |
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| Transitional metals |
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| The transition metals are the metallic elements that serve as a bridge, or transition, between the two sides of the table |
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| Lanthanide and actinide series |
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| Sometimes known as the inner transition metals because they have atomic numbers that fall between the first and second elements in the last two rows of the transition metals. |
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| What do transitional metals have in common? |
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| * they form colored compounds * they are good conductors of heat and electricity * they can be hammered or bent into shape easily * they are less reactive than alkali metals such as sodium * they have high melting points - but mercury is a liquid at room temperature * they are usually hard and tough * they have high densities |
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| Noble / Inert Gases |
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| Valence electron shells are full Located Group VIII * Fairly nonreactive * Complete valence shell * High ionization energies * Very low electronegativities * Low boiling points (all gases at room temperature) |
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| Chemistry |
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| The study of everything, especially of atomic and molecular systems |
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| Matter |
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| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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| Mass |
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| the amount of matter and object possesses |
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| Physical Property |
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| Inherent physical characteristics of a substance that can be determined w/o altering its composition: color, tast, odor, state of matter, density, melting point, boiling point |
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| Chemical property |
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| The ability of a substance to form new substances either by reaction with other substances or by decomposition |
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| Intensive property |
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| extensive property |
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| physical change |
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| a change in form (size, shape, or physical state) w/o a change in composition |
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| chemical change |
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| a change producing products that differ in composition from the original substances |
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| pure substance |
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| element |
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| basic building block of matter that can't be broken down into simpler substances |
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| compounds |
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| a distinct substance composed of 2 or more elements combined in a definite proportion by mass |
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| monoatomic elements |
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| polyatomic elements |
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| molecule |
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| the smallest uncharged individual unit of a compound formed by the union of 2 or more atoms |
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| homonuclear molecule |
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| heteronuclear molecule |
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| mixture |
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| Matter containing 2 or more substances Can be homogeneous(sugar water) or heterogeneous (sand and water) |
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| heterogenous mixture |
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| Matter without a uniform composition - having 2 or more components or phases (sand and water) |
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| homogenous mixture |
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| Matter with uniform properties (sugar water) |
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| ionic compounds |
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| a compound composed of ions (eg Na+Cl-) |
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| covalent compounds |
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| chemical formulas |
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| A shorthand method for showing the composition of a compound using symbols of the element |
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| electron transference |
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| electron sharing |
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| cations |
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| A positively charged ion |
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| anions |
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| A negatively charged ion |
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| Emperical formulas |
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| a chemical formula that gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound...that is, the relative number of atoms of each element in the compound. aka the simplest formula |
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| true formulas |
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| solution |
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| A system in which one or more substances are homogeneously mixed or dissolved in another substance |
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| solvent |
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| the dissolving agent or the most abundant component in a solution |
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| solute |
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| The substance that is dissolved - or the leat abundant component in a solution |
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| potential energy P.E. |
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| Stored energy or the energy of an object due to its relative position |
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| Kinetic energy K.E. |
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| Energy in motion; the energy that matter possesses due to its motion KE=1/2mv (v is squared) |
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| chemical/electrical/heat/light/nuclear energies |
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| heat |
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| A form of energy associated with the motion of small particles of matter |
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| temperature |
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| A measure of the intensity of heat or of how hot or cold a system is;the SI unit is the kelvin (K) |
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| Enthalpyl |
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| exothermic |
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| heat is released as a product |
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| endothermic |
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| heat is absorbed |
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| States of Matter |
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| changes in state |
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| changes in phase |
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| solids |
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| A state of matter having a definite shape and a definite volume, whose particles cohere rigidly to one another so that a solid can be independent of its container |
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| liquids |
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| A state of matter in which the particles move about freely while the substance retains a definite volume; thus liquids flow and take the shape of their containers. |
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| gasses |
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| A state of matter that has no shape or definite volume so that the substance completely fills its container |
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| interparticle attractions |
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| free volume |
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| occupied volume |
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| mobile particles |
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| fluids |
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| condensed states |
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| Protons |
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| P+ |
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| Neutrons |
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| N (no charge) |
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| Electrons |
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| e- (negative charged) |
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| nucleus |
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| The central part of an atom that contains all its protons and neutrons. The nucleus is very dense and has a positive electrical charge |
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| electron cloud |
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| atomic number |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element (Z) |
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| mass # |
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| the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a given isotope of an atom (A) |
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| isotopes |
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| Hydrogen H Deutrium HD Tritium HT |
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| Allotrope |
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| A substance existing in 2 or more molecular or crystalline forms (eg graphite and diamonds are 2 allotropic forms of carbon) |
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| Buckminster fallerenes |
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| electrolyte |
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| A substance whose aqueous solution conducts electricity |
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| non electrolye |
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| A substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct electricity |
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| ionic bonds |
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| The chemical bond between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion |
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| covelant bonds |
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| A chemical bond formed between two atoms by sharing a pair of electrons |
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| Metallic behavior |
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| non metallic behavior |
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| ionization |
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| The formation of ions, which occurs as the result of a chemical reation of certain substances with water |
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| ions |
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| A positively or negatively charged atoms or group of atoms |
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| bonding |
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| e- transform |
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| e- sharing |
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| A E Z |
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| A = mass E= Z= atomic number |
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| A E +N Z |
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| A=mass E= Z=atomic number |
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| Metalloid |
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| An element having properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals (eg silicon). These elements are useful in electronics |
