MCAT Chem 3/4 – Flashcards
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H bond |
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H bonded to F, O, or N |
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Work on chemical system eqn |
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w=PΔV (constant pressure) |
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Conduction-temperature difference is proportional to |
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distance b/w 2 points |
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Rate of heat flow... |
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doesn't change when traveling thru line of materials placed b/w hot + cold reservoirs |
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1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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;E= q+w ; OR: q-w=;E |
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Examples of state functions (ie don't change depending on path) |
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U, T, P, V, H, S, G |
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Examples of Path function (ie change according to path) |
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work, heat |
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K.E. avg= |
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K.E. avg= 3/2 kT |
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Enthalpy eqn |
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ΔH=ΔU+PΔV
(const. pressure, ΔU=internal E) |
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Converting °C to °K |
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Add 273 |
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Heat (ΔH enthalpy) of rxn |
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ΔH°rxn=ΔH°f products- ΔH°f rxtnts |
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Label Fig. 1 on pg. 1 of notebook |
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Exothermic rxn has _ Δenthalpy |
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-ΔH |
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Endothermic rxn has _ ΔH |
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+ΔH |
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Entropy increases w/ |
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#, V, T |
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ΔS of sys. + surroundings eqn |
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ΔSsystem + ΔSsurroundings = ΔSuniverse≥0 |
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ΔG Gibbs free energy eqn |
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ΔG= ΔH-TΔS (const. T & P rxns) |
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ΔG from (+/-) ΔH & ΔS chart |
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ΔH ΔS ΔG (-) (+) → (-) (+) (-) → (+)
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Heat is being __ if ΔH is (+) |
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absorbed |
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At Equilibrium, ΔG= |
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0 |
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Bond broken, E is __. Bond formed, E is __ |
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absorbed; released |
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nitrite |
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NO2- |
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Nitrate |
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NO3- |
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sulfite |
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SO32- |
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Sulfate |
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SO42- |
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hypochlorite |
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Cl0- |
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chlorite |
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Cl02- |
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chlorate |
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Cl03- |
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perchlorate |
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Cl04- |
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carbonate |
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CO32- |
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bicarbonate |
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HCO3- |
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phosphate |
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PO43- |
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molarity eqn |
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M= mols solt/ L soln |
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molality |
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m= mols solt/ kg solvent |
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mole fraction |
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x = mols solt/ mols solt + solvent |
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mass % = |
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mass %= mass solt/ mass soln X 100 |
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ppm= |
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ppm = mass solt/ mass soln X106 |
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D = |
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m/V=kg/L |
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specific gravity = |
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D substance/ D H2O |
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Raoult's law (vapor press.) for nonvolatile solt |
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Pv = xa Pa ; (xa= mole fraction of liqd a; Pa= vapor press. of liqd a) |
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vapor press. eqn for volatile solt addition |
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Pv = xa Pa + xb Pb |
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stronger bonds form in a soln when heat is... |
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given off (exothermic) |
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High ksp= __soluble |
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more |
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T increase, gas __ soluble |
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less (e.g. soda can); nt: opposite for salts |
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H2O boils at ___ ;C ; ___ torr |
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100;C ; 760 torr |
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Volatile solt addition. If exothermic, Pv deviates... |
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negatively from Raoult's law. |
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Nonvolatile solt addition. Pv... |
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decreases (b/c takes up space of surface molecules) |
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Element in standard state @ 25 °C. ΔH=? |
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0 |
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Heat engine is more efficient if temp of reservoirs are... |
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more different |