Molecular Geometry and Bond Theories – Flashcards

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bond angles
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the angles made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule
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VSEPR model
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a model that accounts for the geometric arrangements of shared and unshared electron pairs around a central atom in terms of the repulsions between electron pairs
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electron domains
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in the VSEPR model, a region about a central atom in which an electron pair is concentrated
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bonding pairs
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in a Lewis structure a pair of electrons that is shared by two atoms
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nonbonding pairs
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in a Lewis structure a pair of electrons assigned completely to one atom; also called lone pair
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electron-domain geometry
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the 3D arrangement of the electron domains around an atom according to the VSEPR
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molecular geometry
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the arrangement in space of the atoms of a molecule
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bond dipoles
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the dipole moment that is due to unequal electron sharing between two atoms in a covalent bond
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valence-bond theory
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a model of chemical bonding in which an electron-pair bond is formed between two atoms by the overlap of orbitals on the two atoms
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hybrid orbitals
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an orbitals that results from the mizing of different kinds of atomic orbitals on the same atoms; for example, an sp3 hybrid results from the mixing, or hybridizing, of one s orbital and three p orbitals
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hybridization
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the mixing of different types of atomic orbitals to produce a set of equivalent hybrid orbitals
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sigma bonds
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a covalent bond in which electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis
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pi bonds
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a covalent bond in which electron density is concentrated above and below the internuclear axis
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delocalized electrons
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electrons that are spread over a number of atoms in a molecule or a crystal rather than localized on a single atom or pair of atoms
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molecular orbital theory
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a theory that accounts for the allowed states for electrons in moleucles
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molecular orbitals (MOs)
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an allowed state for an electron in a molecule; according to molecular orbital theory, an MO is entirely analogous to an atomic orbital, which is an allowed state for an electron in an atom; most boding molecular orbitals can be classified of sigma or pi, depending on the disposition of electron density with respect to the internuclear axis
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bonding molecular orbital
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a molecular orbital in which the electron density is concentrated in the internuclear region; the energy of a bonding molecular orbital is lower than the energy of the separate atomic orbitals from which it forms
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antibonding molecular orbital
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a molecular orbital in which electron density is concentrated outside the region between the two nuclei of bonded atoms; such orbitals are less stable than bonding molecular orbitals
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sigma molecular orbitals
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a molecular orbital that centers the electron density about an imaginary line passing through two nuclei
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energy-level diagram
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a diagram that shows the energies of molecular orbitals relative to the atomic orbitals from which they are derive
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molecular orbital diagram
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a diagram that shows the energies of molecular orbitals relative to the atomic orbitals from which they are derived
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bond order
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the number of bonding electron pairs shared between two atoms, minus the number of antibonding electron pairs: bond order = (number or bonding electrons-number of antibonding electrons)/2
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pi molecular orbitals
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a molecular orbital that concentrates the electron density on opposite sides of an imaginary line that passes through the nuclei
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paramagnetism
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a property that a substance possesses if it contains one or more unpaired electrons; a paramagnetic substance is drawn into a magnetic field
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diamagnetism
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a type of magnetism that causes a substance with no unpaired electrons to be weakly repelled from a magnetic field
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