Organic Chemistry – Flashcards

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Functional Group
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is a single element or group of elements that are attached to a carbon atom in an organic compound that add certain characteristics to that carbon compound and will tell you what class the compound belongs to. 
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Functional Group
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Group that imparts an indentifiable chemical behavior to the compound.
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Alkly Group/ Radical (R)
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a saturated hydrocarbon (Alkane) that has one hydrogen atom removed which allows for a point of attachment for the functional group.
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General Formula
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formula that denotes a CLASS of compounds and includes the functional group and a symbol (R) denoting a radical.
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General Formula
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simply tells which functional group and the radicals/alkyl groups present in a compound of that class
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Structural Formula
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a chemical formula which shows the spatial arrangement (blue print) of the atoms and the linkage of every atom.
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Structural Formula
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formula shows the exact positioning of each atom and bond in the compound
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Line Formula
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  • condensed version of the structural formula
  • written all on one line and demonstrates the relationship of the substituent groups (alkyl & functional) in the molecule
  • points out the functional group
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General Formula

or

Type Formula

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used to predict the number of hydrogens in any of the hydrocarbons (alkane, alkene, alkyne) provided the number of carbons is known.

 

an expression of the fixed ratio between C and H in all of the hydrocarbons

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General Molecular Formula

or

Type Formula

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used to determine a hydrocarbons molecular formula by using the prefix of the compounds name to determine the number of carbons and the suffix to determine which type formula to use.
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Alkane molecular formula
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CnH2n + 2
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Alkene molecular formula
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CnH2n

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Alkyne molecular formula
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CnH2n-2
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Alkyl Group/ Radical

 

Type Formula

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derived from the saturated hydrocarbons or Alkanes by the elimination of one Hydrogen atom which allows for a point of attachment for a functional group.
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Alkyl Group/Radical

 

Type Formula

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CnH2n+1
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Isomerism
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the possession by 2 or more distinct compounds of the same molecular formula, each molecule having the same number of atoms of each element, but in different arrangements or structural formulas
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Isomers
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2 or more compounds of different physical and chemical properties having the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
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Aliphatic

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Acyclic

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carbons in a compound that are in an OPEN CHAIN formation

 

C - C - C - C

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Carbocyclic
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carbons in a compound that are attached to each other in a CLOSED CHAIN formation rather than an open chain formation.

 

 

must be at least 3 carbon atoms in order to form a closed chain.

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Benzene
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Aromatics
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  • Subgroup of Carbocyclics
  • any compound containing a resonance-stabilized ring (such as benzene)
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Benzene
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6 carbon ring with alternating double bonds
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Aromatic Radical
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stems from Benzene where one of the carbons has lost a hydrogen
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Heterocyclic
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carbons in a closed chain compound that also contains atoms of some other element within it.

 

  • less than 5 carbons will be Gas
  • 5-16 carbons will be Liquid
  • 17+ carbons will be Solid
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Paraffins
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not chemically active alkanes
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Alkane
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  • saturated hydrocarbon
  • carbon atoms attached by a SINGLE bond
  • Carbon more than half the H number
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Methane

Marsh Gas

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molecular formula CH4
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Methane

Marsh Gas

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Ethane
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Propane
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Ethane
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saturated hydrocarbon with 2 C

 

molecular formula:

C2H6

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Propane
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molecular formula:

 

C3H8

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ALKENES
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  • unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • have 2 carbons joined by a DOUBLE bond
  • C number is exactly half the H number
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ETHENE

ETHYLENE

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molecular formula:

C2H4

 

Simplest alkene

(unsaturated hdyrocarbon)

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ETHENE

ETHYLENE

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PROPENE

PROPYLENE

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PENTENE
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PROPENE

PROPYLENE

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Molecular formula

C3H6

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PENTENE
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molecular formula:

C5H10

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ALKYNES
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  • unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Carbon atoms joined by TRIPLE bond
  • Carbon number less than half the Hydrogen number
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ETHYNE

ACETYLENE

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molecular formula

C2H2

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ETHYNE

ACETYLENE

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PROPYNE
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PROPYNE
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molecular formula

C3H4

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CYCLIC

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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carbon atoms in a CLOSED CHAIN
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Benzene
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molecular formula:

C6H6

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TOLUENE

METHYLBENZENE

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TOLUENE
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molecular formula:

C7H8

 

line formula:

C6H5CH3

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HALIDES
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class of aromatic compounds which arise from the Halogens
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HALOGENATION
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the method of replacement of a hydrogen atom by a Halogen
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CHLOROMETHANE

METHYLCHLORIDE

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molecular formula

CH3CL

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CHLOROMETHANE

METHYLCHLORIDE

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DICHLOROMETHANE

methylene chloride

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TRIChloromethane

Chloroform

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TETRAchloromethane

Carbon Tetrachloride

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Dichloromethane

Methylene Chloride

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Molecular formula:

CH2CL2

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TRIchloromethane

Chloroform

 

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molecular formula:

CHCL3

 

  • used to be used as an anesthetic
  • highly flammable
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Tetrachloromethane

Carbon Tetrachloride

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every H has been replaced by a halide

 

molecular formula:

CCl4

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Alcohols
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  • derivatives of the hydrocarbons where a hydrogen atom is replaced by a Hydroxyl Group (OH)
  • will acts as a base
  • will neutralize an organic acid
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Base
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a compound that was a metal plus hydroxide (OH)
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Monohydroxy Alcohols
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alcohols that have 1 (OH) group attached

 

3 groups/types of alcohols:

  1. primary alcohols
  2. secondary alcohols
  3. terriary alcohols
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Primary Alcohol
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alchols where the OH is attached to the carbon located at the end of the carbon chain

 

  • can be first or last carbon
  • only 1 OH group
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Methanol

Methyl Alcohol

Wood Alcohol

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molecular formula:

CH40

 

line formula:

CH3OH

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Methyl Alcohol

Wood alcohol

Methanol

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Methanol

Wood Alcohol

Methyl Alcohol

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  • good solvent for organic compounds
  • used as types of gas, antifreeze, varnishes & shellacs
  • severly poisonous

 

  1. Methanol is used in the producation of Formaldehyde/Methanal
  2. by partially oxidizing Methanol (CH3OH0) you get Methanal (HCHO)
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ETHANOL

Ethyl Alcohol

Grain Alcohol

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Propanol

Propyl Alcohol

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Isopropyl Alcohol
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Glycol
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GLYCEROL

GLYCERIN

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SORBITOL
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Ethanol

Ethyl Alcohol

Grain alcohol

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molecular formula:

C2H60

 

Line formula:

C2H5OH

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Ethanol

Ethyl Alcohol

Grain alcohol

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  • prepared by the fermentation of sugar by enzymes found in yeast
  • called alcoholic fermentation
  • used in the prep of ether and chloroform
  • type of drinking alcohol

partial oxidation of gives you acetaldehyde/ethanal

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Propanol

Propyl Alcohol

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molecular formula:

C3H80

 

line formula:

C3H7OH

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Secondary Alcohols
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  • alcohols where the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to a carbon that is attached to 2 other carbons

 

  • OH is attached to a carbon that has 2 other radicals attached to it.
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Isopropyl Alcohol

Rubbing alcohol

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molecular formula:

C3H80

 

line formula:

CH3CHOHCH3

 

(CH3-CH-OH-CH3)

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Tertiary Alcohols
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  • alcohols where the OH group is attached to a carbon that is attached to 3 other carbons
  • OH is attached to a carbon that has 3 other radicals
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Dihydroxy Alcohols
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alcohols containing 2 hydroxyl groups attached
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Glycol

Ethylene Glycol

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molecular formula:

C2H602

 

line formula:

C2H4(OH)2

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Glycol

Ethylene Glycol

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coolant or antifreeze

 

Humectant or Wetting Agent used to retain mositure in the tissues

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Trihydroxyl Alcohols
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alcohols containing 3 OH (hydroxyl groups) attached to carbon
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Glycerol

Glycerin

 

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molecular formula

C3H803

 

line formula:

C3H5(OH)3

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Glycerol

Glycerin

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a softener used in hand lotions

 

a Humectant or Wetting Agent as well as a solvent for embalming fluid

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Polyhydroxy Alcohols
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alcohols containing many OH groups
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Sorbitol
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molecular formula:

C6H1406

 

line formula:

C6H8(OH)6

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Sorbitol
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  • sugars are a derivative of
  • used in the synthesis of vitamin C

 

Isomers are used in embalming fluids as Humectants or Wetting agents

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Oxidation
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the addition of oxygen

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the removal of hydrogen from a compound

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Aromatic Alcohols
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occur when an OH group is substituted onto the side chain of an aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene)

 

 

  • not directly attached to benzene ring
  • attached to a carbon that is attached to the benzene ring
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Phenol Alcohols
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occur when OH is substituted DIRECTLY onto the benzene ring

 

any benzene derivative with 1+ OH groups in direct combination with the benzene ring

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Phenol

Carbolic Acid

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molecular formula:

C6H60

 

line formula:

C6H5OH

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Phenol

Carbolic Acid

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  • highly poisonous
  • powerful germicide as well as preservative and disinfectant
  • great bleaching agent

 

when it's put in solution it ionizes as an acid would

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Monoaldehydes
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aldehyde that contains one CHO group
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METHANAL / FORMALDEHYDE
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Molecular formula is: CH2O

Line Formula is: HCHO

  •   a colorless gas with an irritating / suffocating odor.
  • It is soluble in water.
  • readily oxidized to formic acid / methanoic acid
  • is a saturated solution of formaldehyde, water and another agent, most commonly methanol.

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INDEX
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term used to express the concentration of formaldehyde in embalming fluids; defined as the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas in 100 milliliters of solution
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ETHANAL/ACETALDEHYDE
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molecular formula: C2H40

 

line formula: CH3CHO

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ETHANAL/ACETALALDEHYDE
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DIALDEHYDES
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aldehydes that contain two CHO groups
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Polymerization
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the linking together of basic chemical units to form a polymer that is a large molecule which is a multiple of the original weight molecule.
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GLYOXAL
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molecular formula:

C2H202

 

line formula

(CHO)2

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GLYOXAL
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GLUTERALDEHYDE
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BENZALDEHYDE
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DIMETHYL KETONE/ACETONE/PROPANONE
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methanoic acid/formic acid
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ETHANOIC ACID/ACETIC ACID
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ETHYL ACETATE
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METHYL SALICYLATE/OIL OF WINTERGREEN
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METHYL ETHER/DIMETHYL ETHER
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ETHYL ETHER/DIETHYL ETHER
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METHYL AMINE
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METHYL ETHYL AMINE
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TRIMETHYLAMINE
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UREA
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GLUTERALDEHYDE
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molecular formula:

C5H802

 

line formula:

OCH(CH2)3CHO

 

  • excellent germicide
  • "cold chemical" sterilant
  • good preservative less firming than formaldehyde
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CYCLIC/AROMATIC ALDEHYDES
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used as reoderants/perfuming agents in embalming fluids
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BENZALDEHYDE
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molecular formula:

C7H60

line formula:

C6H5CHO

 

  • simplest of aromatic aldehydes
  • colorless oily liquid, smells like almonds
  • used as perfume & flavoring agents
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KETONES
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  • are derivatives of hydrocarbons
  • are prepared by the partial oxidation of secondary alcohols
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ACETONE/DIMETHYL KETONE/PROPANONE
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molecular formula
C3H60

 

line formula:

CH3COCH3

 

  • simplest ketone
  • formed by the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol
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ACETONE/DIMETHYL KETONE/PROPANONE
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  • colorless
  • soluble in water
  • active ingredient in nail polish remover & adhesives
  • good solvent for lacquers
  • funny sweet oder in diabetic keto-acidosis

 

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ORGANIC ACIDS/CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
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were once a hydrocarbon that lost one hydrogen atom which was replaced with the functional group COOH

 

prepared by: partially oxidizing an aldehyde or fully oxidizing a primary alcohol

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METHANOIC ACID/FORMIC ACID
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molecular formula:

CH202

line formula:

HCOOH

 

  • simplest organic acid
  • acid secreted by the stings of bees or ant, pine needles and nettles
  • strongest acid in the fatty acid series
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ETHANOIC ACID/ACETIC ACID
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molecular formula:

C2H4O2

line formula:

CH3COOH

 

acetum latin for vinegar

 

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Glacial Acid
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100% Acetic Acid

 

forms crystals like a glacier when frozen

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ESTERS
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  • the characteristic constituents of fruits and flowers, they all have a pleasant odor
  • produced by the interaction of organic acids + an alcohol
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ETHYL ACETATE
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molecular formula:

C4H802

line formula:

C2H5COOCH3 or CH3CH2OC(O)CH3

 

produced by the interaction of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid

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METHYL SACLICYLATE/OIL OF WINTERGREEN
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molecular formula:  C8H803

line formula: C6H4(OH)COOCH3

 

  • produced by the interaction of salicylic acid and methyl alcohol
  • principle ester used in embalming fluids as a reodarant
  • natural produce of many plants including wintergreens
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ETHERS
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  • composed of 2 hydrocarbon radicals joined by an atom of oxygen known as organic oxides
  • insoluble in water
  • extremely flammable
  • used as solvents for organic compounds
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METHYL ETHER/DIMETHYL ETHER
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molecular formula: C2H60

line formula: CH3OCH3

 

  • used as an aerosal spray propellant
  • creates a chemical reaction where cryogenic freezing used to remove warts when with propane'
  • clean-burning alternative to liquified petroleum, liquified natural gas, diesel and gas
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ETHYL ETHER/DIETHYL ETHER
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molecular formula: C4H10O

line formula: C2H5OC2H5 or CH3CH2OCH2CH3

 

  • used as a common solvent
  • rarely has been used as a general anesthetic
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AMINES
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  • organic derivatives of ammonia where 1 or more of the 3 H's of NH3 are replaced by an alkyl (R) or aromatic groups
  • organic equivalent of a base; have a tendency to neutralize acids
  • very disagreeable odor, strong fishlike odor which comes out through decomposition

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METHYL AMINE
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simplest amine

 

molecular formula: CH5N

line formula:CH3NH2

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UREA
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  • waste product of human protein
  • formed in the liver from the breakdown of ammonia and secreted into the blood
  • selectively absorbed by the kidneys & excreted into the urine
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