Test Answers on Organic Chemistry – Flashcards

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question
Lactate dehydrogenase
answer
Catalysis

Oxidized lactic acid
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Cyctochrome c
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Catalysis

transfers electrons
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DNA polymerase
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Catalysis

replicates and repairs DNA
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lysozyme
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Catalysis

destroy bacteria's cell wall
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Ovalbumin
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Storage

egg white protein
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casein
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Storage

milk protein
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Ferritin
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Storage

Stores iron in the spleen
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myoglobin
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Storage

stores O2 in heart muscle
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immuglobulins
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Protection

antibodies

quaternary structure
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fibrinogen
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Protection

involved in blood clotting
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thrombin
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Protection

involved in blood clotting
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insulin
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Regulation

regulates glucose metabolism
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growth hormone
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Regulation

stimulates growth of bone
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vasopressin
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Regulation

increase water retention of the kidney
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oxytocin
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Regulation

lactation, induction of labor
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acetylcholine receptor protein
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Nerve impulse transmission

synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA
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rhodopsin
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involved in vision
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hemoglobin
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transport

transport O2 in blood

quaternary structure
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serum albumin
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transport

transport fatty acids
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serum globulins
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transport

transport lipids (HDL, LDL)
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myosin
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motion

thick filaments in muscle fiber
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actin
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motion

thin filaments in muscle fibers
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glycoproteins
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Structural

cell membranes and walls
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keratins
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Structural

skin, hair, nails, hoofs
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fibroin
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Structural

silk
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collagen
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Structural

Fibrous connective tissue (tendons, teeth, bones)

quaternary structure
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elastin
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Structural

elastic connective tissue (ligaments, artery walls)
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Saponifiable - simple
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fats, waxes, oils
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Saponifiable - complex
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Phospholipids, Glycolipids
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Non-Saponifiable
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steriods, fatty acids, prostaglandins
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Phospholipids divide into
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Phosphatides, Sphingolipids
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Carbohydrates metabolize into
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Acetyl CoA
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Acetyl CoA become either
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Fatty acids (Metabolism)
Cholesterol (through liver)
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Cholesterol comes from
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some foods (eggs, butter, cheese)
Acetyl CoA
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Cholesterol becomes (5)
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Bile salts
Vitamin D
Steroid hormones
Cell membranes
Nerve and brain tissue
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excess Cholesterol
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to gallbladder
eliminated on bile or gallstones
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Oxidoreductases
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Oxidases
Reductases
Dehydrogenases
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Transferases
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Transaminases
Kinases
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Hydrolases
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Peptidases
Lipases
Amylases
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Lyases
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Decarboxylases
Dehydrases
Deaminases
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Isomerases
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Isomerases
Epimerases
Mutases
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Ligases
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Synthetases
Carboxylases
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Irreversible
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attaches to the enzyme permenently but does not form its our reaction
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Non-competitive
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does not attach itself to the active site , but somewhere else so it changes the structure of the enzyme
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Competitive
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non-reactive molecule that takes the place of the usual substrate on the active site.
Can break up.
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Antagonists
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inhibits the normal physiological function of a receptor
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inhibitor
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effector that decreases or prevents a chemical reaction
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Agonist
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binds to a receptor and triggers a responce by the cell.
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Cofactors
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non-protein compound that is bound to a protein and is required for protein activity
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Substrate
answer
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Enzyme

converts Acetylcholine into inactive choline and acetate
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egg albumin
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egg white

protein
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aldosterone
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steroid hormone

produced by outer sections of adrenal cortex
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apoenzyme
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enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound
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Catalytic site
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active site

portion of the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo reaction
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cholesterol
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A diet high in carbohydrates will lead to acetyl CoA formation, and that can increase cholesterol synthesis

Butter and eggs have a high level of cholesterol

can move right through cell membrane w/o a protein channel
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cortisone
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steriod hormone

released by adreanal gland

suppresses the immune system
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cortisol
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steriod hormone

produced by adreanal gland

increase blood sugar, suppress immune system, aid in metabolism
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holoenzyme
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an apoenzyme with its cofactor
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lactic acid
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milk acid

carboxylic acid

can become lactate ion

sours milk
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Lactose
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disaccharide sugar

galactose and glucose
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lecithin
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phospholipids in animal and plant tissue
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milk
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lactose

lactic acid
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myelin
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myelin sheath on neurons

lipids
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niacin
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vitamin B3
nicotinic acid
dificiency causes pellagra

increases levels of HDL
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Pantothanic acid
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vitamin B5

water-soluble vitamin

essential nutrient to synthesize coenzyme-A
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peptide bond
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covalent chemical bond
carboxyl group reacts with amino group to release water
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phospholipase
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enzyme

hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids
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Proenzymes
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inactive enzyme precursor
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prostaglandins
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synthesized in the cell only when it is needed

made from fatty acid found in cell membranes

very potent in small quantities

they act like hormones
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Riboflavin
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vitamin B2

micronutrients

component of cofactors FAD and FMN

role in energy metabolism and metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins
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thiamine
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vitamin B1

water-soluble vitamin
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Vitamin A
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Lipid-soluble
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Vitamin C
answer
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Vitamin D
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Lipid-soluble
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Vitamin E
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Lipid-soluble
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Vitamin K
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Lipid-soluble
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Whey
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milk serum

liquid from curdled and strained milk

Whey protein (globular protein)
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Zymogens
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inactive enzyme precursor
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Saturated fats melting point
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High
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unsaturated fats melting point
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Low
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Unsaturated physical state at room temp
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liquid
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saturated physical state at room temp
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solid
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esterification
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fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters and water
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acid hydrolysis
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produce fatty acids from esters
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cell membranes
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bilayer with the hydrophilic end on the outside

contains protein channels to allow small polar molecules and ions to move through

polypeptides cannot pass through
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allosteric enzymes
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quaternary structure
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___ levels of LDL are associated with cardiovascular diease
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High
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exercise helps ____ the LDL valuses
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Lower
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a healthy adult should have a ___ LDL value
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Low
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Butter and eggs have a ___ level of cholesterol
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High
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A diet high in carbohydrates will lead to ___, and that can increase cholesterol synthesis
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Acetly CoA formation
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Which type of bond connecting amino acids is found in the tertiary structure of proteins
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salt bridges
disulfide bonds
hydrogen bonding of side chains
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Polar (neutral) amino acids can bond with what groups?
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Polar neutral, acidic, and basic
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Steroid hormones
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can move right through cell membrane w/o a protein channel
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CO2
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can move right through cell membrane w/o a protein channel
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Once one molecule of O2 is bound to the heme of hemoglobin, hemoglobin’s ability to bind more oxygen is enhanced.  
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true
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Enzymes usually react only with one compound in a pair of enantiomeric drugs. 

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true
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The higher the turnover rate, the more efficient the enzyme. 
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true
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A cofactor can be either an organic molecule or an inorganic metal, which is necessary for biological activity of an enzyme. 
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true
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Proteins in solution are actually colloids not really solutions. 
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true
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Sphingolipids contain a sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol. 
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true
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Iodine test is the same as the iodine number  
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false
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Cortisol regulates the conversion of amino acids into carbohydrates 
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true
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Dilated blood vessels are less permeable
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false

dilated blood vessels are permeable
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Globular proteins are much more easily denatured than tough fibrous proteins.
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true
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Salt bridges are the strongest interaction in the tertiary structure of proteins.
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False

disulfide
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Alcohol is a diuretic because it inhibits the secretion of vasopressin, (vasopressin increases water retention of the kidney)
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true
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A very high pH will permanently denature enzymes but a very low pH will not.
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False

both will
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Aldosterone and vasopressin have similar effects on water retention in the kidneys.
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true
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The diseases Gaucher’s, Niemann-Pick and Tay-Sachs all involve the lack of enzymes needed to control lipid degradation.
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true
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Lipids that are saponifiable all have an ester linkage.
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true
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Hydrophilic interaction is the weakest interaction in the tertiary structure of proteins.
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false

hydrophobic
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The redness associated with inflammation is due to the dilated blood vessels, which bring more blood into the area.
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true
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High temperatures will permanently denature enzymes but low temperatures will not.
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true
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Women tend to have a lower LDL value than men.
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true
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Naturally occurring carbohydrates are usually “D”, while amino acids are usually “L”
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true
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Acid solutions will turn red litmus paper blue
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false

base solutions
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Anti-coagulant which is always found in the blood in small quantities
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heparin
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Prescription drug given to patients after heart attacks as a blood thinner
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coumadin
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Precipitates calcium ions, thus preventing blood clotting
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oxalate
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Found in Spinach and Broccolli
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Vitamin K
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Analgesic which is not an anti-coagulant
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acetaminophen
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What compound causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?
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thrombin
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Which is the actual blood clot?
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fibrin
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Which destroys the blood clot after it is no longer needed?
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plasmin
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Which is found in blood plasma but not blood serum?
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fibrinogen
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Calcium ions are needed for the conversion of what compound to what compound?
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prothrombin to thrombin
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Classify: Elastin
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fibrous proteins
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Classify: cortisol
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non-saponifiable lipids
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Classify: cellulose
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carbohydrate
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Classify: aldosterone
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non-saponifiable lipids
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Classify: Enzymes
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globular proteins
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Classify: Phospholipids
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saponifiable lipids
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Classify: hemoglobins
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globular proteins
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Classify: prostaglandin
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non-saponifiable lipids
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Classify: collagen
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fibrous proteins
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Classify:serotonin
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other
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Components of lecithin
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glycerol
Fatty acids
phosphate and amine alcohol
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Components of pepsinogen
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amino acids
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Components of glycogen
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glucose
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Components of maltose
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glucose
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Components of maltase
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amino acids
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Components of Beeswax
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Fatty acids
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Components of estrogen
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steroid structure
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Components of arachidonic acid
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Fatty acids
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Components of Vasopressin
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amino acids
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Components of cornflower oil
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glycerol
Fatty acids
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Components of triglycerides
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glycerol
Fatty acids
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Components of polysaccharide
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glucose
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It is one of the most abundant proteins in humans
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Collagen
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Compound in egg yolks
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lecithin
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Compound in egg whites
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ovalbumin
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Protein in milk
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casein
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Carbohydrate in milk
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lactose
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Protein found in connective tissue
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collagen
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protein in nails, hair, hoofs
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keratins
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blood protein used to maintain osmotic pressure
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serum albumin
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common name for immunoglobulins
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antibodies
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protein found in LDLs and HDLs
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serum globulins
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A clot that breaks loose and moves is called
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embolism
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protein in muscle of marine mammals that contains the heme group that binds O2 for storage
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myoglobin
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protein in muscle fiber
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myosin or actin
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protein that stores iron in the spleen
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ferritin
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Polypeptide used to increase water retention of the kidneys
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Vasopressin
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Polypeptide used to induce labor
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Oxytocin
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The same reaction in different tissues will have similar but slightly different enzymes. What are these enzymes called?
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isoenzyme
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What is the enzyme (found in saliva and tears) that destroys a bacteria’s cell wall?
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lysozyme
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The drug that prevents a bacteria from making its cell wall
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Penicillin
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The drug or poison that blocks the receptor site for acetylcholine on a muscle.
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Curare
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The drug or poison that permanently inhibits acetylcholinesterase
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Nerve gas
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The drug or poison that prevents acetylcholine from being released on the original nerve cell
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Botulism
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Which drug inhibits the enzyme phospholipase from releasing aracadonic acid from the cell membrane?
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Cortisone (or cortisol)
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The drug added to penicillin to prevent the bacteria from destroying the antibiotic
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Clavulinic acid
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What is the cofactor made from Riboflavin
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FAD
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What is the cofactor made from Niacin
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NAD
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What is the enzyme without its cofactors called?
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Apoenzyme
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What active peptidase is found in the small intestines
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Trypsin
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What is referred to as the “feast” hormone?
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insulin
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What is referred to as the “famine” hormone?
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glucagon
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If an enzyme’s turnover rate is very low, it is a very efficient enzyme.
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false

it is a efficient enzyme
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Enzymes and substrates are usually held together by disulfide bonds.
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false

enzymes and substrates are not usually held together by disulfide bonds
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Hormones and enzymes can sometimes be proteins and sometimes non-proteins.
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false

enzymes can only be proteins
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All enzymes can be affected by substrate saturation.
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true
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Doubling the concentration of the substrate will always double the rate of the reaction.
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false

not at the point of saturation
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All proteins have a quaternary structure
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false

not all proteins have a quaternary structure
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All enzymes are globular proteins
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true
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Proteins are most soluble at their isoelectric point
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false

proteins are soluble at their isoelectric point
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Bacteria in milk will cause the milk to become more acidic
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true
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Denaturing with heavy metals affects the salt bridges in the globular protein
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true
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aldosterone is a __ hormone
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steroid
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glucagon is a ___ hormone
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protein
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keratin is a hormone T/F
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false
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what hormone can slide right through the cell membrane?
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steroid hormone
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what hormone takes minutes to affect the cell
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protein hormone
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____ hormone attaches to a receptor site on the outside of the target cell
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protein hormone
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chemical messengers that are produced in one place in the body and affect other parts of the body
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hormones
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maltase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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hydrolases
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A tripeptide to three seperate amino acids needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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hydrolases
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Lactic dehydrogenase needs ____ enzyme
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oxidoreductases
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Phosphofructokinase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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transferases
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alanine transamiinase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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transferases
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Acetoacetate decarboxylase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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lyases
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glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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isomerase
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phosphoglucomutase
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isomerase
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Citric acid synthetase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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ligase
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Oxaloacetate & acertyl-CoA to citric acid needs _____ enzyme for the reaction
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ligase
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What vitamin is converted into the coenzyme NAD or NADH
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niacin
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What vitamin is converted into coenzyme A
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Pantothenic acid
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What vitamin is converted into the coenzyme FAD
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Riboflavin
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What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis
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Vitamin C
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what vitamin is converted into the coenzyme TPP
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thiamine
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Scurvy is caused by the deficiency of what vitamin
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Vitamin C
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the rate at which an enzyme will convert substrates to products is called
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Turnover rate
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specific area on the enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place
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Catalytic site
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specific area on the enzyme where the substrate binds
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Contact site
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inactive protein part (without the cofactors) of an enzyme is called
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Apoenzyme
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what is the cofactor plus the protein part called
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holoenzyme
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what is the cofactor that is organic but not a protein called
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coenzyme
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What fiborous protein has a triple helix structure
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collagen
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what protein is found in muscle fiber (2)
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actin or myosin
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What protein is found in artery walls and ligaments
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elastin
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what protein is used to store iron in the spleen
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ferritin
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protein found in bones and connective tissue
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collagen
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Protein used to store oxygen in heart muscles (humans) and marine mammal muscles
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myoglobin
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what is milk "curds", what has precipipated out?
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casein
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Which is the most abundant protein in the human body
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collagen
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Protein found in nails and hoofs and hair
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keratin
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Bacteria in milk can convert the lactose into what compound
answer
lactic acid
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Enzyme found in tears and saliva that kills invading bacteria
answer
lysozyme
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