Test Questions on Human Geography – Flashcards
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fieldwork
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The study of geography by visiting places and observing the people that live there and how they react with the changes there.
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human geography
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The study of humans and their cultures, activities, and landscapes
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Globalization
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The expansion of economics, political and cultural processes to the point that they beome global in scale and impact.
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physical geography
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The spatial analysis of the sturcture of the earth and its features; plants, animals, climate.....
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spatial
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having to do with space and earth's surface. Sometimes synonym for geographic.
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spatial distribution
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location of geographic phenomena across space.
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pattern
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the design of spatial distribution
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medical geography
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the study of health and diseases with geographic perspective.
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pandemic
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an outbreak of disease that spreads world-wide.
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epidemic
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regional outbreak of a disease
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spatial perspective
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observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
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five themes
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location, human environment, region, place, movement
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location
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the geographical situation of people and things.
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location theory
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a logical attempt to explore the location pattern of an economic activity
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human environment
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reciprocal relationship between humans and environmnet
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region
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an area on the earht's surface that is marked
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place
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uniqueness of a location
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sense of place
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state of mind derived through the infusion of a place maybe by events that occured there.
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perception of place
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beliefs or understandings of a place through books or movies
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movement
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the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the world
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spatial interactions
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interactions in earth's space
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distance
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measurement of space between two places
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assessability
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the degree of ease at which it is possible to reach a certain location
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connectivity
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the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network
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landscape
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the overall appearance of an area
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cultural landscape
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the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
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sequent occupance
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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place
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cartography
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the art and science of making maps
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reference maps
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maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features
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thematic maps
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maps that tell stories
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absolue location
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a place expressed in degrees, longitude, latitude, north or south, the equator, and north, south, east, west
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global positioning system (gps)
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satelite-based system that tells you where you are
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geocaching
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a hunt for a cache, gps coordinates which are placed on the internet by another cache
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relative location
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the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places
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mental map
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a map in your head
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activity space
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the space where everyday activities occur
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remote sensing
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collecting data through instruments that are distant from the area of object of study
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geographic information system (gis)
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a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected
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rescale
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players at other scales support other positions
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formal region
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type of region marked by a certain homogenity is one or more phenomena
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functional region
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a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it
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perceptional region
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a region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity
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culture
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the way you live and the people around you
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cutlural trait
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a single attribute of a culture
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cultural complex
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many different cultures many different traits
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independent invention
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a trait that many cultural hearths that develop independent of each other
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culture diffusion
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the process of discemination, teh spread of an idea or innovation from its source area to other places
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time-distance decay
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the combination of time and distance
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cultural barriers
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things in the culture that stop or slow down the research
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expansion diffusion
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the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population and the numbers of those influenced rapidly increase
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contagious diffusion
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the distance controls spreading of an illness through a local population
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hierarchical diffusion
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an idea innovation spreads by first among the most connected places or peoples
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stimulus diffusion
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a cultural adaptation is cheated as a result fo the introduction of a cultural trait from another place
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relocation diffusion
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teh regional positional or situation of a place relative to the position of other places
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geographic concept
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ways of seeing the world spatically that are used by geographers in answering research questions
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environmental determinism
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teh view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development
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isotherm
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line on a map connecting points equal temperature values
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possibilism
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geographic viewpoint - a response to determinism that holds the human decision making
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cultural ecology
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an area of inquiry concened with culture as a system of adaptation to environment
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population density
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a mearurement of the number of people per given unit of land
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arithmetic population density
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the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area
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physiological population density
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the number of people per unit of area of arable land
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population distribution
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description of locations on teh earth's surface where populations live
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dot map
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maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon such as population
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megalopolis
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large cluster of supercities
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census
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a periodic and official count of coutries population
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doubling time
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the time it takes for a population to double in size
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population explosion
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the rapid growth of teh world's human population during the past century
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natural increase
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increase only with births and deaths
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crude birth rate
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the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
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crude death rate
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teh number of deaths
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demographic transition
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multistage model based on western Europe's experience of change in population growth exhibited by the countries undergoing industrialization
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stationary population level
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the level at which a national population ceases to grow
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population composition
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structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties, education
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population pyramids
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visual representation of the age and sex composition of a population graph
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infant mortality rate (IMR)
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a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in the population
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child mortality rate
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the number of children that die within their first to fifth years in a population
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life expectancy
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how long an average person lives
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AIDS (aquired immune deficiency syndrome)
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Immune system disease caused by the human immunodifficiency virus (HIV)
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chronic (degenerative) diseases
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generally long-lasting afflications now more common because of higher life expectations
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expansive population policies
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government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
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eugenic population policies
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government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
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restrictive population policies
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government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
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remittance
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money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countires
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cyclic movements
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shorter periods away from home (commuting).
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activity space
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a daily routine where someone goes through a regular sequence of short moves within a local area
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nomadism
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movement among a definite set of places. Ex of cyclic movement.
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periodic movements
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tempory, recurrent relocation. Example is colodge, military
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migrant labor
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people who cross national borders for jobs. Example: periodic movement
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transhumance
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a seasonal periodic movement of pastorarists and their livestock between highland and lowland
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military service
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up to 10 million people moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years
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migration
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a change in residence intended to be permanent
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international migration
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human movement involving movement across international boundaries
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internal migration
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human movement within a nation-state, such as going westward and southward movements in the US
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forced migration
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human migration flows in which the movers have not choice but to relocate
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voluntary migration
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movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.
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laws of migration
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developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, 5 laws that predict the flow of migrants
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gravity model
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a predication of the interaction of places, population size, distance between them
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push factors
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negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location
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pull factors
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positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attact people to new locations from other areas
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distance decay
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the effects of distance on interactions, generally greater the distance teh less interaction
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step migration
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migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
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intevening opportunity
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the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites further away
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kinship links
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types of push or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success
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chain migration
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pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links
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immigration wave
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phenomenon whereby differnt patterns of migraation build upon one another and creat a wave
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explorers
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a person examining a region that is unknown to them
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colonization
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colinizer takes over another place, putting its own government in it
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island of development
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place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investments and which has high paying jobs
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guest workers
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legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term
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refugees
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people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country
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international refugees
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refugees who have crossed 1 or more international boundaries during their dislocation
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internal refugee
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people who have been displaced within their own countires and do not cross international borders as they flee
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asylum
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shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another country
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immigration laws
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laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into the state
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quotas
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established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year
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selective immigration
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process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating
