A Case Study Of Human Trafficking In Nepal Essay Example
A Case Study Of Human Trafficking In Nepal Essay Example

A Case Study Of Human Trafficking In Nepal Essay Example

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  • Published: July 23, 2017
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This survey really is chiefly concern on the issue of societal exposure of the people from Nepal in the issue of human trafficking, by understanding the procedure and besides the context of migratory smuggling. This paper will besides concentrate on the different actions of the Nepal authorities from giving accent on their different undertakings, Torahs or even policies to decrease the susceptibleness towards the human trafficking issue. The consequence of this survey aims to supply a clearer perceptive of the phases and fortunes in peculiar with the sex trafficking and besides to supply peculiar policies in order to do their Torahs or plans to be even better. The paper will besides incorporate the different organisation that helps the Nepal from contending from the human trafficking or migratory smuggling like for illustration the United Nations

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( UN ) and particularly the engagement of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNDC ) , United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and many more authorities or non-government organisations which aides the Nepal from get bying to the societal issue.

Background of Study

A. Introduction to the Social Development Issue

Nepal as besides called the Kingdom of Nepal is listed as one of the poorest and likely to be portion of the least developed states in the universe, refering with its about tierce of the population which is populating in a below poorness line. As agribusiness being one of the chief beginnings of their support and to prolong their economic system, this provides the three-quarterss of their population to be accountable to their Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . One manner of suppressing the poorness an

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besides favoritism which is based on the 'caste ' system of the immature coevals of Nepal society which includes ; the immature misss, work forces and even kids to be involved in assorted signifier of forced labour which includes the sex work. The issue of societal inequality in Nepal triggers the exposure of the state to be involved in the human trafficking issue ; there are besides other adult females who voluntarily enter the sex work.

The type of human trafficking, which includes the sex trafficking, as a recent signifier of bondage and besides force labour which will trust from the force and abduction is illegal harmonizing to known international organisations. As the United Nations Office defines human trafficking in their Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in PersonsA ( Article 3, Paragraph A ) as:

`` aˆ¦the enlisting, transit, transportation, harboring or reception of individuals, by agencies of the menace or usage of force or other signifiers of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of misrepresentation, of the maltreatment of power or of a place of exposure or of the giving or having of payments or benefits to accomplish the consent of a individual holding control over another individual, for the intent of development. Exploitation shall include, at a lower limit, the development of the

harlotry of others or other signifiers of sexual development, forced labor or services, bondage or patterns similar to slavery, servitude or the remotion of variety meats '' . ( United Nations, 2000 )

In this issue of trafficking of the Nepali adult females and misss is needed to hold a broader background in which will place the socio-cultural constructions, gender power derived functions

and particularly the function of poorness as the figure one factor of being pushed through in the issue of human trafficking. The addition of exposure of the adult females and misss into trafficking and sexual maltreatment made the Nepal as one of the states with low human development indexs in the multinational scene, which they ranked 143 on the United Nations Human Development Index. Harmonizing to the Nepalese Youth Opportunity Foundation estimated that there are about 20,000 to 25,000 misss are forced to be domestic workers, while there are over one million Nepali work forces and adult females engaged in working abroad in other states like ; the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , Qatar, South Korea, Malaysia, India, Israel, the United States and other adjacent states of Nepal. One thing that Nepali trafficking victims are forced in this sort of labour because of the alleged 'debt bondage ' , in which this is facilitated by high enlisting fees which is charged by the agents in Nepal, while the other type of this is when the agent provides the parents of the victims with a 'salary progress ' . Poverty triggers human trafficking because of the big proportion of the Nepal population populating below poorness line, and that most of them merely rely on the agricultural support nevertheless being a traditional economic system is no longer practical for increasing the support and leads to a migration from rural countries alternatively.

The labour migration as an of import portion of the societal construction is of import in Nepal because of the remittals ; in which harmonizing to the Nepal National Living Standards Survey estimated that there

are about 24 % of the families in rural countries receive the remittals which largely came from India, which consequences an addition of 25 % to their entire household income. Surveies besides shown that misss aged in between six to nine old ages old are already lending to the labour force. Because of the poorness that they are sing Nepali adult females and misss is attracted to because of the high income in urban countries which in consequence to them to be easy deceived by the sellers. Nepal is besides sing a traditional patriarchal society which means that adult females are confined to the domestic environment and responsibilities. With this dilemma the adult females of Nepal have limited entree to the different accomplishments, resources, power and chances to stay low. Nepali adult females besides have a low position when it comes to the household because males have the primary rights to their belongingss and doing determinations to the household. That is why males prefers that their girls to be engaged in an early matrimony which is likely common in Nepal, which is normally arranged by the miss 's parents with the groom 's household.

Human trafficking became a extremely recognized job in Nepal particularly in peculiar with the sex trafficking had an addition concern to the Nepali adult females ad miss was stimulated by the Government of Nepal in order to develop some national policies in order to turn to the job of human trafficking. The Traffic in Humans ( Control ) Act of 1986 was really passed, in which is focused on the trafficking in line with harlotry, but nevertheless the policy was uneffective due

to the deficiency of both the political and judicial processs. And with the job sing the policy it became one of the poorly enforced Acts of the Apostless in Nepal. Human trafficking became the precedence issue since 1990s by their authorities and besides some of the several non-government organisations ( NGO ) and Government Ministries in order to developed different plans sing the cultural, economic and of class societal policies.

B. Rationale and Objectives of the paper

Basically the chief ground of carry oning this research paper about the societal exposure of the Nepal in Human Trafficking, in order to cognize what are the major grounds on why most of their adult females are being dragged into this certain issue. This paper will besides incorporate the different actions from the Nepal authorities sing the societal issue of human trafficking and what would be the possible options in order to decide the job of their state. Listed below would be the undermentioned aims of the research paper ;

Determining the grounds on how relevant the issue is in Nepal

The stakeholder analysis of the said issue

The action from the authorities of Nepal ( Torahs, policies, etc. )

Decision of the research worker about the issue

Policy recommendation of the research worker for execution in Nepal

Presentation of Background Information About the Issue

In the on the job paper of Dr. Monique Hennink and Dr. Padam Simkhada about the Sexual activity Trafficking in Nepal: Context and Process ( 2004 ) , they were able to place the methods and even the consequences of societal issue, by placing the followers ; Characteristics of Sex Trafficked Women/Girls, Routes into Sex Trafficking, Traffickers, Life in Brothels, Process of

Exit from Sexual activity Trafficking, and Returning to the Community. It was stated in their research that the feature of adult females or misss who are been trafficked in Nepal are typically the 1s who are single, non-literate ( either they were non exposed to instruction or non able to graduate ) and of class they are immature in the clip of trafficking. Hennink and Simkhada were able to stipulate the age scope of 13 to 18 old ages of the adult females or misss, they besides presented that the youngest age that was been trafficked was a 12 old ages old and that there were no older than 25 old ages old. Harmonizing to their survey in Nepal, there are four cardinal paths into sex trafficking that were been identifies and likely to be showed in a conceptual model. Listed below are the four key paths harmonizing to Hennink and Simkhada ( 2004 ) ;

Employment-induced trafficking via a dalal ( 'broker ' )

Independent migration to urban countries

Misrepresentation ( through false matrimony or visits )

Force ( through abduction )

The undermentioned paths are interlinked with the independent migration and with trafficking of other intents, which is chiefly for labour development itself, like in the illustration that they presented in their research paper, that most of the adult females who are being trafficked chiefly knew that the procedure are first trafficked for employment intents and subsequently they were introduced to the sex trafficking. Hennink and Simkhada deeply explained the difference of the four key paths that they presented. In the first path, the connexion of the victim and a dalalis this largely is an old adult female

who is known as the recruiter or agent. The recruiter would speak to the victims an encourage them to work in urban countries and work in a mill, sometimes adult females are being sold by the recruiter to the mills before transporting them to a whorehouse. The 2nd key path which is the migration to urban countries in order to seek for employment was one of the procedures in order for them to be more vulnerable in sex trafficking, it is like after being recruited by the dalalis they were asked to work in the mills and they were been assigned to go in Indian boundary lines because they were asked to run an errand for the mill but really they were merely lured in an offer of false friendly relationship and encouragement to go, and they did non cognize at all that they were being sold to the Indian whorehouse ( India is one of the finish states where Nepal adult females or misss are being sexually exploited or trafficked ) . The 3rd path which is misrepresentation includes the false matrimony or visits, some dalals ( work forces ) posed their egos as possible fellows in order to derive the trust of the adult females ( possible victim ) by offering them matrimony or taking them to India. The last path is abduction, which is the most used path in order to hold the victims being straight transported to the whorehouses, by kidnaping them and drugged before the journey and so selling them to the whorehouse proprietors in India.

The sellers harmonizing to Hennink and Simkhada are the assortment people that harmonizing to the

victims are typically work forces that are aged in 20s to 30s ( dalals ) while the older adult females or ( dalalis ) are in their 30s to 40s. In some instances the recruiters are really relations of the victims like their uncles, aunts, cousins, brothers or stepfathers. And some of the sellers are adult females who themselves besides are involved in sex work in India, or former sex trafficked adult females or sex workers who are now they became the whorehouse directors or proprietors. Besides included in their survey is the life of the trafficked adult females or misss in the whorehouses, like their experiences and torment in working as sex workers, and the different procedure of issue from sex trafficking by the agencies of deliverance, flight and release. The return of the victims in their community are chiefly because of the aid of the rehabilitation centres that were run by the non-government organisations ( NGOs ) in order to supply the specific wellness and societal aid to the victims, they besides provide literacy and skill preparation in order to help them in incorporating back to their communities.

Discussion of the Stakeholders

The primary stakeholders that are identified in the societal development issue of Nepal about the exposure of their state in human trafficking are the undermentioned ; Nepali adult females or misss, Nepal authorities policymakers, non-government organisations, and sellers. The Nepali adult females and misss are the chief stakeholders in the said issue, being the victims of the sellers who have a big influence in their households and besides to their communities they were able to promote the adult females and misss to migrate

with them, and without the anterior cognition of what they are traveling to the victims merely go with the seller because of the promise of luck by gaining a occupation in urban countries. In the said issue of human trafficking in Nepal, it is like the non-government organisations ( NGOs ) are more likely involved in assisting the victims instead than the authorities of Nepal, the NGOs are the 1s who help the victims from get awaying the whorehouses and assisting them to travel back to their communities, this attempt will do them more influential than the authorities of Nepal. While the authorities of Nepal have a leaning of accepting the fact that their state is vulnerable to human trafficking because of the relevancy of societal inequality being a rigorous patriarchal society, where the adult females does non hold proper entree to instruction, and that the determination devising is merely limited to the work forces.

Analysis

Model of Analysis

The model that I have chosen for this certain issue is the Human Rights-Based Approach. I chose this attack because the human rights rules are related to the non-discrimination, equality, authorising the people for engagement and supplying the answerability of the jurisprudence. This attack has the capacity for the society to claim their rights. The Rights-Based attack offers certain positions and solutions by puting a model by puting ends and criterions for international human rights ; it could besides acknowledge the poorness, marginalisation of the society or groups, favoritism and development as the agencies of poorness in a state. The model of this attack is chiefly focused on the duty of the province by taking attention of their vulnerable

citizens. Actually this attack is a displacement from the needs-based attack to the rights-based approached.

The Framework of Rights-Based Approach ( Boesen, & A ; Martin, 2007 ) ;

Focuss on the procedure and result

Focuss on the structural causes and manifestations

Emphasizes realisation of rights

Recognizes the single and group rights

Empowers the persons and groups

Assists the persons being entitled to their rights

The Rights-Based attack focused in the four focal point countries ; most vulnerable groups, root causes, right-holders & A ; duty-bearers and authorization. As seen in the stakeholder analysis there is relevancy between inequality between the rigorous patriarchal system of Nepal and the diminished province of adult females in their state. The adult females in this issue are more vulnerable because, they merely want to be helpful in their households by working besides in the agencies of migrating from rural to urban countries.

Analysis

The most vulnerable group in the societal development issue of Nepal, are the adult females and misss. Bing controlled by a rigorous patriarchal system, the adult females or misss does non hold entree in proper instruction, doing them less participative in determination devising. Because of the poorness in the rural countries of Nepal, some the households tends to direct their girls in urban countries to work in mills and worst is to go a victim of human trafficking, being brought to the Indian boundary lines up to the whorehouses. Presented below is the tabular array from the working paper of Hennink and Simkhada of April 2004, the Socio-Demographic Features of Sexual activity Trafficked Women and Girls in Nepal ;

Percentage

Number

Cultural Group

Brahmin

Mongoloids

Dalit ( Untouchable )

Other

Missing

Entire

16.8

34.6

31.6

15.8

0.4

100

34

70

64

32

2

202

Religion

Hindoo

Buddhist

Other

Missing

Entire

72.7

24.2

2.0

1.0

100

144

48

4

2

198

Marital Status

Unmarried

Married

Other

Missing

Entire

59.9

35.6

0.9

3.4

100

121

72

2

7

202

Age ( when trafficked )

Under 13

13-15

16-18

19-21

21+

Missing

Entire

3.4

30.6

46.5

11.8

3.4

3.9

100

7

62

94

24

7

8

202

Education

No Education

Primary/Informal

Secondary

Missing

Entire

77.2

15.3

4.4

2.9

100

156

31

9

6

202

Note: Datas from instance records of sex-trafficked

adult females at all six rehabilitation centres in Nepal 1996-2001. ( Hennink and Simkhada, 2004 )

The possible root causes of this societal development issue are the undermentioned ; poorness and societal inequality. Poverty because, still Nepal is an undeveloped state in some ways, because of the agencies of societal inequality every bit good, where they were non able to eliminate the inequality between the work forces and adult females in determination devising, and the entree to the instruction. The rigorous patriarchal system in Nepal makes the work forces powerful in giving determinations in their households and besides has the entree to the formal instruction. The Nepali adult females tends to remain in their places and taking attention of their kids and partners, but as some adult females and misss tends to assist their households by besides working to gain money, and that their lone pick is to chance their life in come ining a supposed work in urban countries as mill workers, but in the terminal they ended up to work in whorehouses particularly when they were abducted and straight transferred to the In Indian boundary lines. The right holders and carriers, are supposed to be the Nepali adult females and misss who became victims of the human trafficking, the rehabilitation centres that were founded by the NGOs assist them to come back once more in their community by supplying them accomplishments developing and basic instruction, so that they could be productive when they come back to their several communities. The Nepal authorities tends to neglect in extinguishing the societal inequality that is go oning in their state, of class they already set up policies

and plans to get rid of the trafficking job, but they did non concentrate on finding the root causes.

With a great figure of trafficked Nepali adult females and misss, the Nepal needed the proper adult females authorization in order to get rid of the austere patriarchal system in their state. The equality between the work forces and adult females are needed in order to hold better consequences of the determination devising, which both of the sexes should profit and non merely one of them would profit from it. As the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) and World Bank promote the authorization of the marginalized groups, which in this societal issue it was the adult females and misss being undermined from their position in their state.

Decision and Recommendations

Decision

In decision the peculiar model failed to explicate other countries such as, puting up a new policy that will certainly profit the marginalized people or group besides the authorization. I think authorization of the marginalized people is a better first measure in order to hold a policy about the exposure of the Nepali adult females and misss, with this there would be a possibility of get rid ofing the societal inequality non merely in sexes but besides to their categories as good. The Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) which are eight ends that were set during the United Nations ( UN ) Millennium Summit last September 2000, these ends are set to be achieved by 2015. In the studies of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , Nepal is one of the 189 states that were committed to the MDGs ; this is a partnership

between the Government of Nepal and the UN Country Team. Actually Nepal is potentially likely to run into the marks such as ; lessening in hungriness, accomplishing cosmopolitan primary instruction, and of class extinguishing the gender disparity during 2005. However harmonizing to the same study, it was improbable for Nepal to run into other marks like the followers ; accomplishing of full and productive employment ( nice work for all ) , entree to wellness services and in conclusion the halving of proportion of their population in order to hold entree to improved proper sanitation. While in the UNDP study of 2010, they besides recommend that Nepal should hold a greater focal point in resuscitating their agricultural with the aid of some investings in rural substructure and public plants, in order to make a better environment for the private-sector investings, and to proper use the foreign assistance.

It was advised by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) 2010 study that Nepal should follow a stronger legal model in response with the issue of high Numberss of adult females and misss that were involved in trafficking within and outside their state. The Nepal authorities really enacted the `` Human Trafficking and Transportation ( Control ) Act '' which is in with the Article 6 of the CEDAW pact with Nepal. In this new jurisprudence it has a more comprehensive plan from the old statute law ; it besides has improved steps for prosecuting the sellers, supplying the justness and the appropriate services for the reclaimed victims of trafficking, and to be able to raise the consciousness from human

trafficking. In line with this jurisprudence, it besides offers new particular steps in order to place and to prosecute trafficking of kids.

Recommendations

In this identified issue of societal exposure fundamentally to the Nepali adult females and misss, I would wish to urge that the Nepal authorities should organize with the adjacent states chiefly to the India boundary line, by puting a particular undertaking force group that would instantly describe about the hot spots or paths of the sellers, this is a call for the MDG mark figure eight which will concentrate to beef up their planetary partnership, and will do them to be unfastened for a batch of foreign assistance. The authorities should hold a batch of policies to put up, but foremost they should get rid of the societal inequality between the males and females, giving support plans to the females in rural countries to decrease the migration and besides to eliminate the poorness. The Nepal authorities should go through a jurisprudence against the human trafficking and every bit good to the sellers by non merely seting them in gaol, but puting a solid land in giving justness to the victims. Giving an entree to the rural countries in instruction will besides be a great aid, particularly to the adult females, and would decrease the issue of inequality. Authorization of the adult females by allowing them to take part in the determination devising, even to the simple determination doing in their families, this would non do them experience to be left-out and non particular. A tie-up with the NGOs about human rights ( NGOs who fought for gender equality, adult females empowerment and of class

anti-human trafficking ) and to the authorities of Nepal so that, hand-in-hand they would be able to decrease the exposure of the Nepali adult females and misss in human trafficking particularly in sexual development intents.

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